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TEST FOUR NOTES AMERICAN MIGRATION 9/10/13 World History Standard 8 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America. A. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca empires. B. Compare the culture of the Americas; include government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. ESSENTIAL QUESTION • How did the Olmec influence later MesoAmerican cultures? last Ice Age migrated from Asia to the Americas land-bridge Bering Strait. water body had frozen over animals begin to migrate south grazing land. food source. series of waves different people groups. thousands of years. moved as far south as South America and stayed as far north as Canada. earliest traces of farming Western Hemisphere south-central and northeastern Mexico, along the coast of Peru, and in the southwestern US. Farming began about the same time in both hemispheres, but was adopted more gradually in the Americas. plow late invented here; no animals large enough wheel agriculture productive enough support village life and the beginnings of towns. By the time of the arrival of Columbus in 1492, tribes were largely dependent on farming for their food supply. None of the inhabitants of the Americas learned to make iron. Copper was used only rarely to make tools. Gold and silver were widely known. Jewelry from the America’s amazed European artists and artisans when they saw it for the first time. By about 1500 B.C. the peoples along the coast of Peru and in central Mexico were beginning to live in villages. By 1,000 B.C. trading centers began to appear. The earliest of these cultures (in Mexico) is called the Olmec. These people left giant stone heads and many objects made of jade. There is also evidence that the Olmecs had priests and worshipped a god that looked like a jaguar. Near the modern city of Oaxaca (wah-HAH-kah) in Mexico is Monte Alban, a high hill topped by ceremonial structures that may be as ancient as the Olmecs. Here human sacrifice was practiced. Both the Olmec culture and the Monte Alban cultures appear to have been devastated by civil war. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=h7MvBf3mFLI&feature=relate d Crossword Puzzles chapters 10 & 11 ESSENTIAL QUESTION 9/11/13 • What brought the Aztecs to the America’s? most advanced culture Americas Maya. tropical lowlands of southern Mexico and Central America 1,000 BC. By 300 BC they were building steep pyramids. The Maya were advanced astronomy. predict solar eclipses devised a calendar accurate Europe at that time. counting system and a writing system. The chief Mayan city was Chichen Itza (chee-CHEN- eet-ZAH) farming practices were very simple they were very productive. high standard of living usually peaceful, although there is evidence that in extended periods of drought they would make human sacrifices to please the gods and bring rain. 800 AD the civilization suddenly declined sharply. not sure whether this is because of a war, or their farming techniques just wore out the soil. 1100 AD Central Mexico was invaded from the north by a people called the Toltecs (TAHL_tecks). Yucatan Peninsula and there they met the Mayas. The influence of the Toltecs on the Maya was noticeable. The Toltecs also built pyramids, and introduced the working of gold and silver. spread the worship of their god Quetzalcoatl (ket-sahl-koh-AT l), the feathered serpent. The Toltecs practiced human sacrifice and loved warfare. 1200 AD invasions of Central Mexico Aztecs. wandering warriors, fighting for whoever would pay them. Mercenaries legend priests saw a sign from their god, and that sign would be an eagle sitting on a cactus eating a serpent. an island in Lake Texcoco, in Mexico. Built city Tenochtitlan. 1325 power grew dominated central Mexico. causeways and stone foundations expand their city great pyramids, marketplaces, and palaces. Aztecs perfected farming on floating artificial islands chinampas. greatest period Tenochtitlan over 100,000 people living in it. Aztec society was dominated by the military. Warfare carried the most prestige and led to wealth and power. They believed that the sun would not move in the sky without human sacrifices being made to it, and their god of war demanded human sacrifices also. The victims were captives from defeated tribes, and hundreds were put to death each year. In 1478, there is evidence of 20,000 sacrifices that year. Study for Benchmark! CE due Thursday! Terms Quiz Friday! http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=-4oPY-nDTvo World History Standard 8 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America. A. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca empires. B. Compare the culture of the Americas; include government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=PE3TVVetX_8&feature=relat ed ESSENTIAL QUESTION 9/16/13 • What caused the decline of the MesoAmerican cultures? INCAS • About the same time the Aztecs were in Mexico, another group was building a civilization in the Andes Mountains of South America. The religion of these tribes was based on sun worship. Their name – Incas – meant “children of the Sun”. By the late 1400’s it extended along most of the west coast of South America and far into the Andes covering what is today Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile. In the Inca Empire everything belonged to the Inca Ruler. The capital was Cuzco, known as the “City of the Sun”. The Incas built fortresses and irrigation systems and laid paved roads from one end of their realm to the other. Pack animals carried goods and swift runners carried news to the Inca capital. They had food storage areas if crops failed to prevent local famine. They had a public school system The result was that the Inca language (Quechua – Kechwah) is still spoken today by millions of native people in four South American countries. The Incas did not have a system of writing. They did keep records by means of the quipu – a kind of knotted string that was used to assist the memory. They were quite advanced in the practice of medicine, anesthetics and even brain surgery. Both the Inca and Aztec empires were brought to a sudden end by the Spanish conquest. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=kKeB82retLs&feature=related World History Standard 5 The student will trace the origins and expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and 1300 CE. A. Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire. B. Identify the Muslim trade routes to India, China, Europe, and Africa and assess the economic impact of this trade. C. Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni and Shia/Shiitte Muslims. D. Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta). 9/13/13 ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What led to the split of the Muslim religion? MUSLIM WORLD • South of the Fertile Crescent is the great peninsula of Arabia. The Arabs who lived here were nomadic and they were called the Bedouin. They lived in tribes and were ruled by a sheik or chief. Some of the coastal areas got rainfall and could support more people. Towns sprung up in these areas. Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born in Mecca in 572 AD. orphaned youth in poverty no school He was a camel driver and a caravan trader. But, he belonged to the Koreish, one of the distinguished Arabian tribes. He married a wealthy widow days in leisure At that time, certain Arabian tribes had adopted Judaism and Christianity, idol worship Muhammad would annually go to Mt. Hira to meditate and pray. When he was 40 Muhammad had a great religious experience. He believed that the archangel Gabriel ordered him to preach to the Arabs. Muhammad considered himself a prophet or teacher. His teachings were bitterly opposed by the rulers of Mecca and fearing for his life he and his followers fled to the town of Medina. In Medina he made many converts and became the leader of the community. In a few years he returned to Mecca with an army and captured the city. He then converted many of the Bedouin tribes to his religion. By 632 (when Muhammad died) most of Arabia was Islam. followers wrote down his words and visions (direct from Allah). In 645 A.D. ( ten years- death, 'Ali (Mohammad's brother in law) created the book of the Qur'an, (Koran) which has 114 chapters, and 6236 verses. TUE – 9/17/13 What led to the split of the Muslim religion? Mohammed - alive, Muslims granted - provide them the best guidance in Islam. death left the Muslims in a state of serious confusion, because (at least in view of the majority), the Prophet did not give any guidance regarding his successor. did agree The successor - not be another prophet. They believed Mohammed was the only true prophet of Allah. Abu Bakr, was elected as successor. He took the title of Khakifa ("Caliph" in English). This branch of the Islamic faith is called the Sunnis. The Sunnis claimed that the only mediator between believers and Allah was the Quran. minority group in Medina who believed that 'Ali b Abi Talib, first cousin and son in law of Mohammed (married to Mohammed's daughter Fatima), was better qualified than any other candidate This minority group came to be known as the Shi'at 'Ali (the party of Ali) and then simply as the Shia or Shiitte. Shiittes - a direct descendent of Muhammad (rather than the Quran) was the proper mediator between Allah and his believers. called the Imam. Five Pillars of Islam There are 5 things that all Muslims must do. – 1. They must say the Muslim Creed: Allah is the one true god and Muhammad is his Prophet. • 2. They must pray 5 times a day. Always facing toward the city of Mecca. 3. They must give to the poor. 4. They must fast during the month of Ramadan. (Can’t eat or drink for the entire month from sun-up to sundown). They are supposed to pray during meal times to get closer to Allah. 5. Must make at least one trip to the city of Mecca in their lifetime (if possible) to visit Mohammed’s birthplace. Thur 9/19/13 EQ – How did the Muslim religion affect the culture of the Middle East? http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=JZDe9DCx7Wk SILK ROADS 1252 father and uncle Niccolò and Maffeo Polo Constantinople 1264 – Kublai Khan Marco Polo 1271 - Mongolia 17 years old Tibet – China 17 years government tightly organized. rulers had great authority, title Caliph. As the empire grew it was divided into three parts called caliphates. The 3 caliphates were: Persia - Baghdad; Egypt - Cairo, and Spain - Cordova Goods from India and China had been brought across the Indian Ocean to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea; then carried across land to Syria and the Egyptian cities of Cairo and Alexandria The empire produced silk, cotton, and linen textiles, as well as carpets and tapestries. They had jewelry, spices, gold, silver, brass, and steel swords from Damascus became world famous. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=SpMxhsNYJ0g&feature=relmf u Ibn Sina (Avicenna) was Persian – Islamic Russia. Child prodigy – 10 reciting the Quran. Great doctor and philosopher Canon of Medicine 600 years nerves responsible for muscle pain disease can spread through water and soil Ibn Battuta Morocco (Berber)– spent 30 years traveling the world 1325 - 1354 73,000 miles – THE TURKS • In the 1300’s a group of Turks appeared. They were called the Ottoman Turks after their first ruler Osman. Ottoman success in battle and in government was due in part to a group of slaves known as the Janissaries. Many of the Janissaries were taken as children from Christian families. They became an army of disciplined soldiers. They also served as bodyguards to the Turkish rulers (sultans). The Ottoman Turks will conquer Constantinople, and then spread east to India. Fri 9/20/13 ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What impact did Clovis have on the spreading of Christianity among the Germanic tribes? MEDIEVAL EUROPE • When the Roman Empire fell apart in the 400’s Western Europe was overrun by Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths and Vandals. But the most important were the Franks. They first entered the Roman Empire in the 300’s, near the mouth of the Rhine River. They settled in northern Gaul (what is today Belgium and the Netherlands). In 481 a ruler of great ability became king of the Frankish tribes. His name was Clovis. He was brutal, but an excellent military leader. He soon conquered the other Frankish tribes and controlled all of northern Gaul. A few years after Clovis became King he was influenced by his Christian wife Clotilda. He promised to accept her religion if he won a certain battle. He did win, and not only kept his vow but forced 3,000 of his warriors to be baptized. Clovis became a strong supporter of Christianity, and he and his Franks gained the support of the church. Later he conquered southwestern Gaul from the Visigoths and ruled most of present-day France. (Which took its name from the Franks). Test four Mon (SORRY!) 3/11/13