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Lecture 24: Anti-Terrorism of Southeast Asia 16th April 2003 (Wednesday) Structure of Lecture 24: Introduction to Southeast Asia and Islam Southeast Asian Response to 911 The Bali Night Club Terrorist Attack (The “1012 Incident”) The Australian Dream and the Iraqi War Conclusion: The Four Interpretations of Southeast Asian Terrorism PART I Introduction to Southeast Asia and Islam Universal Vs Regional Religions Universal Religion: A Religion Aims at Converting the Whole World with a set of Universal Values e.g. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Regional Religion: A Religion Exclusively Belonging to a Certain Region/ Ethnic Group Concept of the “Chosen Citizens by God” e.g. Judaism, Shitoism Islam as a Universal Religion Misconception: Islam = Middle East = Radical?! Muslims in Places Outside the Middle East Muslims in China (Huizu) and the Meaning of its Chinese Translation Muslims in Southeast Asia Muslims in the West (Gilles Kepel, Allah in the West, Stanford University Press, 1997) The Roles of Religion in the Southeast Asian History Islam from Middle East to Southeast Asia (1400AD) Religion as a Unifying Tool against External Threat Islam and Roman Catholicism SE Asia Vs Imperialism Philippine Vs Spain and USA Indonesia Vs Netherlands Malaysia and Singapore Vs Britain Independence of Southeast Asia Independence of the Philippines as a Secular Republic (1946) Independence of Indonesia as an Islamic Republic (1949) Independence of Malaysia as a Federal Nation (1957) Independence of Singapore as an Authoritarian Republic (1963) Correlation between State Religion and Terrorism? Southeast Asia: the “Second Front of AntiTerrorism” Catholic Nil Islam Support for US’s Anti-Terrorism PART II Southeast Asian Response towards 911 The Internal Dilemma To Side with USA: Pros: An External Helper against Local Islamic Fundamentalism as a Rival to the Regime Cons: Losing Islamic Support Locally To Side against USA: Pros: Gaining Islamic Support Locally Cons: Islamic Fundamentalism Challenging the Regime The External Dilemma Side with USA: Pros: Become an American Protectorate against Other External Threats Cons: National Interests Tie Hand-inhand with the American Interests; Antagonizing anti-American countries; Sacrificing National Sovereignty to USA Side against USA: Pros: Retaining International independence; Maintaining Strategic Importance in the World Cons: Possibly the Next Target of Anti-terrorism (Bush Doctrine II) The Choice of the Philippines The Philippines as a Catholic Country The Profile of the Post-Ferdinand Marcos Philippines President Gloria Arroyo American-Philippine Alliance Philippines as an Ex-American Colony American army Stationed at Manila Whole-hearted Support of Antiterrorism The Choice of the Philippines (II) Motivations: Abu Sayyaf (Moro Islamic Liberation Front) – as a Separatist Threat instead of a Terrorist Threat Philippines in the Economic Hierarchy of Southeast Asia “Yes Mom Diplomacy” – the Diplomacy of Filipino Maids and the Iraqi War The Choice of Malaysia Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad Malaysia as a Neglected Economic Dragon? Malaysia’s Odd Disappearance in the Anti-Terror Coalition (together with Iran, Iraq and North Korea) Concerns: Less Separatist/ Terrorist Threats than the Philippines/ Indonesia “Western Conspiracy” against Mahathir in the Asian Financial Crisis – the Suharto Precedence Use “Anti-Terrorism” as an Excuse to Strengthen the Dictatorial Rule of Mahathir The Choice of Indonesia Significance as the Most Populated Islamic Country of the World President Megawati Sukarnoputri The Megawati Trip to Washington after 911 Internal Anti-American Protests Concerns: Separatism after the Independence of East Timor Radical Islam as a Political Competitor Importance of Readmittance into the International Community after ex-President Mohamed Suharto PART III The Bali Night Club Terrorist Attack (12th October 2002) “1012” after “911” Target: Western Tourist-oriented Night Club at Bali Island, Indonesia Death: 216 (!) The Hong Kong Rugby Team Western Media: “the wake-up call” Wake-up call for Southeast Asia Anti-Terrorism Wake-up call for USA to Further its Anti-Terrorist Effort … Message of the “Second Front of Terrorism” Analyzing the Target – The “Proxy Attack” Regional Second Front: Southeast Asia Vs Middle East/ “Homeland” Psychological Second Front: Entertainment Business/ Tourism Vs Financial Business The Lang Kwai Fong Mania Ability of USA to Fight Two-front/ Multi-front Wars in the Future? Southeast Asian Radical Muslims and Al-Qaeda? Suspect of the Bali Bombing: Jemaah Islamiah (JI, Islamic Prayer Group) Spiritual Leader: Priest Abu Bakar Bashir Islamic Fundamentalist in the Philippines: Abu Sayyaf Leader: Al Haj Murad Their Linkages to Al-Qaeda and Laden: Afghanistan as the Social Club of “Future Terrorists” in the 1980s The Provision of Monetary Funds by Al-Qaeda In Exchange for the Provision of Shelters by Southeast Asian Terrorists The Common Religious Agenda The Pan-Islamic Country Proposal, Southeast Asia Version? The Supposed “Proposal of Jemmah Islamiah”— Indonesia The Philippines North/South Division between Catholicism and Islam Incorporation of the South Malaysia From Moderate Islam to Radical Islam A Step-stone to “Convert” Australia From Federal Union to Islamic Federal Union a Great Economic Union a Settlement of Territorial Disputes a Great Islamic Nation in Southeast Asia! a Strong Alliance to the United Middle East! Southeast Asia Vs Middle East The Cohabitation of Christianity with Islam The Introduction of Democracy to Authoritarianism The Complexity of Ethnic Conflict The Encirclement of Superpower Candidates Are Islamic Radicals Possible to Player Larger Roles in the Region? Assigned Readings Main Text: Amitav Acharya: “State-society Relations: Asian and World Order after September 11” (B&D P.194-204) Supplementary Text: BBC News: In Depth Bali http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_d epth/asia_pacific/2002/bali PART IV The Australian Dream The Three Alignments in the Australian History (20th Century) Australia as a Hardcore Commonwealth Member (1900-1945) Australia as a Second-class American ally (1945-1991) Minor Member in the Pan-Anglo-Saxon Alliance Australia as a Self-proclaimed Leader of the Booming Asian-Pacific Region (1991-2001) Number 3 Power in the Anglophone Number 1 Power in “Australasia”? The Post-911 World Order? John Howard’s Pre-911 Excitement in the East Timor Crisis (1999) Australia as the Major Source of United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Indonesia (1999) Australia behind the Independence of East Timor Willingness of East Timor to Become an Australian “Protectorate” John Howard as the Guardian of East Timor Democracy “Godfather of Peace of Southeast Asia” “Operation Enduring Freedom” Alliance of Traditional American Allies in Southeast Asia after 911 Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan An Encirclement of Whom? Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, China… John Howard’s Post-911 Excitement Australian Investigation of the Bali Attack Australia as the “Big Three” in the War against Iraq (USA, Britain, Australia) DREAM: To Merge the Accented American Power after 911 with its AsianPacific Agenda The “United States” of the AsiaPacific Region The American Custodian of the Southeast Asian World Order George W Bush on Howard: “With Global Visions; Can really Foresee the Danger of Terrorism”; “A Very Close Friend of Mine”; “One of the Very Few People that I will Listen to his Opinions”; … PART V Conclusion – The Four Interpretations of Southeast Asian Terrorism Identifying the Nature of the “Terrorist Attacks” Separatism? Universalism? Ache of Indonesia; Moros of the Philippines … Radical Islam and the Islamic Nation Proposal … Anti-totalitarianism? “Global Terrorism”? Democracy and Terrorism Lack of Democracy = Warming-bed of Terrorism? Authoritarian States = States “Containing" the Opposition by Pressure Democratic States = States Incorporating the Opposition in Open Elections and Power Sharing Terrorism = One of the Different Measures Used by Suppressed Opposition to Challenge against the Incumbent Government Only the Opposition Lobbies in Authoritarian States are “Suppressed“ Symbiotic Relationship between Terrorism and Opposition Lobby in Authoritarian States Only Authoritarianism = Less Effective Anti-Terrorism? War of Anti-Terrorism of Authoritarian States = War of Anti-Opposition = “War against Freedom” War of Anti-Terrorism of Democratic States = War Fighting on Behalf of the Whole Nation against an External Enemy Who are the Gainers of Labeling “Global Terrorists” Worldwide? Defining the Attacks as Separatism/ Universalism/ AntiTotalitarianism: Still within the Domain of Domestic Politics Terrorism, in Capital Letter… Out of Scope of Domestic Politics Providing Legitimate Rationales for Other Countries to Intervene Increasing Possibilities to Create/ Reinstate New Regional Hegemons (e.g. Australia, India…) ~~The End~~ Thank you for attending