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Unit 3 Chapters
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info plus the key
concepts are on
your Unit 3 title
page.
•
Chapter 6 – Rise and Spread of Islam
•
Chapter 7 – Spread of Islam to South and Southeast Asia
•
Chapter 8 – Africa and the Spread of Islam
•
Chapter 9 – Eastern Europe and Russia
•
Chapter 10 – Western Europe
(Test)
• Chapters 11 – 15 – East Asia and the Americas in the
postclassical pd.
(Test)
Four Overarching Developments or Themes in this Period:
1. Expanding influence of Islam and Arab Civilization
2. The spread of civilization to additional regions of the world
3. A widespread shift in basic belief systems – from
polytheism to several great world religions
4. The development of a world network – increasingly regular
relations among most civilizations
Islam in World
History
One of the markers, or historical turning
points that defines the start of this new
era was the founding and spread of Islam.
More than any other world religion, Islam
had political and economic mechanisms
that led to its unparalleled rapid spread.
“Hagar and Ishmael”
François-Joseph Navez (1820)
However, before we take a look at Islam,
we need to look back at the roots of the
religion – to the older Abrahamic religions
of Judaism and Christianity.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TG55ErfdaeY&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9
&index=11
• What is the Jewish concept of the Covenant, and what role did
Abraham play in this Covenant?
• What four things were new and different about Jewish monotheism?
1. Singularity – only one God and no other
2.
3.
4.
•
•
What is the historical analysis for why people believed Jesus was
the messiah?
What is the historical analysis for why Christianity spread and
became a world religion?
The Founding of
Islam
•The Prophet Muhammad was
born in Mecca around the year
570 CE.
•He grew up as a shepherd
among the Bedouin, and later
became a merchant. He married
Khadija at age 25 – she would
become the first person to accept
Islam.
•Around the year 610,
Muhammad began preaching
about his revelations from God.
Muhammad’s
Vision of Allah
At first Muhammad was rejected by Meccans
who feared a disruption of profitable trade –
Mecca was an important pilgrimage site for the
polytheistic religions that existed among the
Bedouin before Islam. (Even before Islam, the
Kaaba was a shrine housing representations of
about 360 various deities.)
This is an illustration of a traders' caravan outside
Mecca. At center, a trader is bargaining with the
Quraysh leader of the caravan.
Hulton Collection/Valueline/Getty Images
•In the year 622 (the first year
of the Islamic calendar)
Muhammad and his followers
fled Mecca. They went to a
nearby town called Yathrib (later
renamed Medina.)
•Thousands of Arabs quickly
adopted Islam and helped
Muhammad return to Mecca and
defeat his opponents in 630, at
which time he re-dedicated the
Kaaba to Allah.
•Muhammad united Arabs behind
Islam, and they quickly became
a powerful force.
•Muhammad died in 632. He is
buried in the city of Medina.
“Muhammad
hides in a cave
and escapes
Satan.”
Persian Illustration
“Muhammad and Abu
Bakr visit poor Bedouins
who have no sustenance
to share until the
Prophet makes their ewe
give milk”
Persian Illustration
“Gabriel shows the prowess of
Ali to the Prophet Muhammad”
Shiraz, 1480
Central Islamic Beliefs
•Islam means submission – pertaining to submission to the will of
Allah
•The Five Pillars of Islam are:
1. Faith – belief in one God
2. Daily prayer facing Mecca (5 times per day is standard,
though this varies based on sect.)
3. Alms, or charity to the poor
4. Fasting from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of
Ramadan
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
•The sacred Islamic text is the Quran (Koran)
•The Hadiths are the teachings and sayings of Muhammad ( but not in
Koran)
•Muhammad taught that Jews and Christians are “People of the
Book,” meaning they believe in the same God. He taught they should
be treated with respect and tolerance.
“Historical analysis
indicates that many of
the beliefs and
practices of Islam were
in reaction to the
controversies sweeping
Christianity in
Muhammad's day.
Indeed, many of the
principal tenets of
Islam deal with issues
which had proven to be
sources of crisis and
upheaval within the
early Christian
community. “
www.usu.edu/.../chapters/14ISLAM.htm
“For instance, iconoclasm—Greek
for "image-breaking"—the
systematic destruction of artwork
was a movement that swept the
Byzantine world during and after
the seventh century. Watching
such pointless and self-destructive
strife might very well have taught
the young Muhammad the wisdom
of not admitting realistic art into
the religious arena. To this can be
added the role of saints in the
Christian church, which also
caused great controversy because
it appeared to distract from the
worship of God and Jesus and, to
some, smacked of polytheism.
Thus, Muhammad permitted no
humans to be seen as deities of
any sort.“
www.usu.edu/.../chapters/14ISLAM.htm
The Koran Itself is an
example of the best
Arabic art:
arabesques and
calligraphy are
beautifully detailed
and ornate.
National Geographic Documentary:
Inside Mecca
•Who are the three pilgrims, and
where are they from?
•How are their experiences different?
•How are their experiences similar?
http://topdocumentar
yfilms.com/insidemecca/
The Spread of Islam
A. The Early Caliphs
• After Muhammad’s death in 632, leadership of the
growing Muslim faith was passed to Abu Bakr,
Muhammad’s father-in-law and close friend.
• However, political ambitions, clan loyalties, and personal
differences led to disagreement and conflict over
succession to the position of caliph, the head of state of
the new growing Muslim community.
B. The Sunni / Shia Split
• Shia Muslims believe that Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law Ali
was the first, rightful successor to Muhammad, and that spiritual
leaders of the Islamic world should be descendants of Ali and his
wife Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter.
• Sunni Muslims believe that the position of caliph could be held
by any devout Muslim, and see the early caliphs that were
chosen by clan leaders as legitimate (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman).
Sunnis tended to see the caliph as more of a political leader.
• In 661 Ali was assassinated and the Umayyad dynasty began.
• Ali’s son, Husayn continued the struggle but was killed by
Umayyad troops at the Battle of Karbala.
•
The early Caliphs played a major role in the early spread of
Islam.
1. The growing population of the new Islamic empire created a
need for more agricultural resources, land, and wealth.
2. Neighboring Byzantine and Persian empires were long-time
rivals for land and trade rights.
3. By 650 Arab armies controlled: Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia,
and Egypt
•
Reasons for the success of Arab armies:
1. United in a religious cause
2. Experience in warfare due to tribal/clan based wars
3. The weakened state of the Byzantine and Persian empires
4. Appeal to the poor and oppressed
5. Protection by Arab forces
•Today, about 90% of Muslims are Sunni.
•Shia Muslims live mainly in Iran, Iraq, India, and
Pakistan
•Sufism is a mystical form of Islam which uses
meditation, prayer, fasting, and ritual to seek direct
contact with God.
• Sufis often lived ascetic lives and were missionaries,
not unlike Christian monks.
•Sunni Umayyads ruled the Islamic world from
Damascus until they lost control to the Abbassids, who
moved the political center of Islam to Baghdad.
•Sufism and Sufi missionaries played a large role in the
spread of Islam, especially in Central and South Asia.
•One reason these wandering mystics were successful in
converting people was their willingness to accept local
religious traditions, and accommodate a “popular Islam”
that reflected syncretism with established beliefs and
practices.
•For Sufis, religious experience and communion with the
divine was more important than established teachings,
correct behavior and Sharia law.
Inscription on Rumi’s Tomb
“Come, come, whoever you are,
Wanderer, worshipper, lover of leaving,
It doesn’t matter.
Ours is not a caravan of despair.
Come, even if you have broken your vow
a thousand times,
Come, yet again, come, come.”
Each December
17th, Turkey, and in
particular, the city of
Konya, celebrates
the life and
teachings of the Sufi
philospher, Rumi.
Rumi was a 13th century Persian Sufi poet and mystic. He was born in
what would today be Afghanistan, raised in the Persian culture, and spent
most of his life in Anatolia (modern day Turkey.) Therefore, he is a great
example of the trans-regional world of Islam - as well as being one of
the greatest Sufi writers.
Rumi
Poem
13th Century
I searched for God among the Christians and on
the Cross and therein I found Him not.
I went into the ancient temples of idolatry; no trace
of Him was there.
I entered the mountain cave of Hira and then went
as far as Qandhar but God I found not…
Then I directed my search to the Kaaba, the resort
of old and young; God was not there even.
Turning to philosophy I inquired about Him from
ibn Sina but found Him not within his range…
Finally, I looked into my own heart and there I
saw Him; He was nowhere else.
Why did conversion happen so quickly as Arab
political control spread?
1. Similar, familiar beliefs and traditions (Jews, Christians,
and Zoroastrians shared many beliefs and practices
with the new religion of Islam.)
2. Success in conquest was often attributed to the power
of the conquerors’ god(s), or the weakening of the old
gods
3. The oppressed, slaves, prisoners of war, etc. were
among the earliest converts – especially within Persia
4. There were economic and social incentives to
conversion
Important note: full Arabization did not take place in
Persia – language, literary and artistic styles remained
distinctly Persian. In fact, some historians cite the process
of Persianization of many aspects of the Islamic world,
especially during the Abbasid empire.
Major Islamic Dynasties
and Empires
•The Umayyads ruled from Damascus until
750. Islam expanded through the Middle
East, North Africa, and into Spain under
Umayyad rule.
•The Abbassids ruled from Baghdad until
Mongols invaded the region in 1258. Many
of the Mongols eventually adopted Islam.
-Abbassid Empire represents an Islamic golden
age, with great advancements in art, literature,
technology and political organization.
Gold Coins of Abd al-Malik
1. How did the coins of Abd al-Malik signify change for the
people of Damascus – and those living throughout the
growing Umayyad empire?
2. Who was Abd al-Malik? When were these coins issued?
3. Describe the first coin. What message was it meant to
convey?
4. What did Abd al-Malik understand about gold coins and
the money supply?
5. Describe the 2nd coin. How was it different from the first
one? Why the change?
First Coin
Second Coin
Each group must turn in a thesis
statement for the following
prompt:
Compare the methods used by the
Umayyad empire to establish and maintain
control with ONE of the following empires:
•
•
•
•
Mauryan empire
Alexander’s empire
Han empire
Roman empire
•During the Abbasid period, the dar al-Islam
(literally means ‘the house of Islam’) flourished in
the areas of science, math, medicine, astronomy,
and literature.
•Muslim scholars translated ancient Greek and
Hellenistic works into Arabic, and an extensive
trade network connected the Islamic world from
southern Spain and Morocco in the west to the
Islands of Southeast Asia.
“ MusliM
Debate”
“MusliM
astronoMers”
In Baghdad, at the beginning of the Abbasid
period, intellectual life went through a
phase of extraordinary development. The
caliphs were, so to speak, 'enlightened
autocrats', giving their protection to groups
of scholars and sometimes even heading
such groups themselves. The names of at
least two of these cultivated Abbasid caliphs
have passed into legend: Harun Al-Rashid
(ruled 786-809 CE), the sovereign of the
Arabian Nights; and his son, Ma'mun (813833 CE), founder of first great Arab center of
translation and thought, the Bayt Al-Hikma
('the house of wisdom').
The Abbasids were brought to power by
Persian converts to Islam. They transferred
the center of power, hitherto at Damascus,
eastwards, founding Baghdad as their new
capital. Baghdad was also known as Madinat
Al-Salam (the 'city of peace').
The Abbasid Palace in
Baghdad, built in the 13th
century.
The Decline of the Abbasid
Dynasty
•In the late 9th century, problems began to plague the Abbasid
dynasty
•Causes for decline included:
*Court excesses
*political divisions
*Shia opposition to Sunni Abbasid rule
*the problem of succession – no clear process
*uprisings of mercenary forces
*high taxes on the peasantry
*periodic food shortages and civil violence
*increasing crime and banditry
*loss of territory in late decline
Major Islamic Dynasties and Empires
Continued...
•The Seljuk Turks migrated into the Middle
East from Central Asia around 900; they built
an empire and adopted Islam. They never
officially overthrew the Abbassids, but did
make some rulers pay tribute.
•Ottoman Turks built an empire beginning in
the 14th century. They expanded throughout
Asia Minor and eventually took control of
Constantinople (re-named Istanbul.)
•The Safavids ruled Persia from the 16th
century until the late 18th century, when the
Qajars defeated them and took over Persia.
Regional Empires
• Africa
– Fatimid Empire
– Berber Empire
– Moorish Empire
– Songhay Empire
– Mali Empire
– East African Trading
Empires
• South Asia
– Safavid Empire
– Mughal Empire
• Southeast Asia
– Strait of Malacca
– Spice Islands (Indonesia)
The Spread of Islam to South Asia
•In the late 7th century, Muslim merchants, traders,
and missionaries from Arabia, Persia, and Central Asia
began to arrive in the Indian subcontinent.
•In the early centuries of this process, periodic
conflict arose, but over time assimilation and
syncretism took place – for example Hindu officials
and elite often held positions in Muslim governments.
•Hindu culture also influenced the Islamic world; for
example Middle Eastern scholars began using the
Hindi numeral system, which they in turn transmitted
to Europe (thus “Arabic” numerals). It has been suggested
that this advancement in Europe made the Renaissance and Scientific
Revolutions possible because of the potential for complex
mathematical and scientific computations.
The Spread of Islam to South Asia,
Continued…
•Around 1000, a new wave of Muslim Turks and
Afghans began to push into India from central
Asia. (The second major invasion/ migration
into India…what was the first?)
•The Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206 – 1526.
•Muslims were successful in part because
Indian rajahs were not united; they spent
resources fighting each other and could not
unify to defeat Muslim invaders.
Cont….
•Also, Islam appealed to Indians of lower castes.
•Turks, Persians, and Arabs settled in India during
this period.
•Trade increased in India with Muslim influence.
•During this period, Buddhism continued to decline
in India.
•Muslim and Hindu culture blended.
•Urdu, a language which blended Persian, Arabic,
and Hindi, eventually developed in northern India.
•Sikhism also eventually developed, a religion
influenced by both Hindu and Muslim beliefs and
practices.
Women and Islam
1. Historically, what has been the
role of women in the Islamic World?
2. What was the role of women in the
founding and early years of Islam?
3. Does the role of women change as
Islam spreads? How?
4. What is meant by “the politics of
the veil”?
Women and Islam
Muhammad’s teachings regarding women:
• Muhammad eliminated many pre-Islamic discriminatory practices
(including female infanticide.)
• Women were given more rights (including greater inheritance rights.)
• The number of wives a man could marry was limited to four.
• Muhammad emphasized treating women with kindness and respect,
as well as their equality before God.
• Modest dress should apply to both women and men equally (from
Quran and Hadiths).
• Women are required to cover their bodies so that their figure is not
revealed.
• Women are not required to cover their faces. (The hijab or head
scarf is optional, and depends on family traditions and community
norms.)
Women and Islam
• During the Abbasid period, Muslim women (mainly in the
upper class) were increasingly confined to the household
and subjected to patriarchal authority.
• The Abbasid caliphs maintained harems, in which both
wives and concubines were secluded in the imperial
chambers.
• The prosperity of the later Abbasid period allowed the
Muslim elite to obtain numerous slaves, many of which were
taken or purchased from the non-Islamic regions that
surrounded the empire. Female slaves were not secluded
and may have had greater freedom than Muslim wives.
• Another custom that developed during the Abbasid period
was the veiling of free (non-slave) females. Elite, upper
class women were cut off from any occupation other than
running a household.
Malaysian Mosque
Interior of a Mosque in
Cordoba, Spain
Bandar Seri Bagawan
Mosque in Brunei, one of
the largest in Asia
The Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, Egypt
built by the Fatimid Dynasty in 970
The Alhambra in Granada, Spain
built in the 15th century
The Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
Shia (Shiite) Mosque Outside the City of Baghdad
FYi….
•The prefix “abd” in Arabic means
“servant of” thus Abdullah is a
name meaning the servant of Allah.
•The prefix “abu” means “father
of” and is sometimes taken by
parents after the birth of their first
son.
•The Arabic prefix “ibn” means son
of; “bint” means daughter of.
Abu Abdullah
Muhammad Ibn
Battuta
Abu Abdullah
Muhammad Ibn
Battuta – famous
Islamic traveler of
the 14th century
The Kurdish Muslim leader
Saladin (Salah al-Din), whose
forces fought Christian
Crusaders at the end of the 12th
century
The following slides contain
information about Islam in
World History compiled from
other teachers’ shared
powerpoints and
presentations.
Islam Today
• 1.3 Billion worldwide, three continents
 0.3 Billion Arabs
 Indonesia (200 M) > India (180 M) > Pakistan (160 M) > Bangladesh (120 M) >
China (80 M) > Egypt (70 M)
• There are about 20 M Christian Arabs
 Egypt > Syria > Lebanon > Palestine > Iraq
• About 7 M Muslims in the USA, 3-4 M are Arabs
 Roughly half of the Arab Americans are Christians
Economics
What major
trade
networks
were part
of the dar
al-Islam?
Trading networks facilitated the spread of
Islam – and at the same time, new ties in the
growing Islamic world fostered trade, making
networks even more complex.
Mysticism
The term "mysticism" is often
used to refer to beliefs which
are outside of a mainstream
religion, but related to or based
in a mainstream religious
doctrine. For example, Sufism
is the mystical sect of Islam.
• Which region(s) are heavily influenced
by the Islamic proselytizing mystics?
• What social and intellectual methods
did the mystics use to attract followers?
• What was the attraction for the
indigenous populations of
the region?
Jihad and the Conduct of War
• Islam is not inherently warlike, and jihad is not one of its "pillars”
• Jihad in Arabic does not mean "holy war”. It means "struggle” or “strive”.
• It is the difficult effort needed to put God's will into practice at every level
• The "greater jihad” in the Quran is that of the soul, of the tongue, of the pen, of
faith, of morality, etc. The "smaller jihad" is that of arms.
• Many directives in the authentic statements of Muhammad (Hadiths):
 He told his companions as they go home after a battle "We are returning from
the lesser jihad [the battle] to the greater jihad, at home"
 Three levels:
– Personal: That of the soul
– Verbal: Raising one's voice in the name of Allah on behalf of justice.
"The most excellent jihad is the speaking of truth in the face of a tyrant"
(Hadith)
– Physical: Combat waged in defense against oppression and transgression.
» Profoundly misunderstood in today's world.
Jihad and the Conduct of War
• Much of the Koran revealed in the context of an all-out war imposed on early
Muslims by the powerful city of Mecca, and many passages deal with the conduct
of armed struggle.
 While one finds "slay [enemies] wherever you find them!" (e.g., 4: 89),
in almost every case it is followed by something like "if they let you be,
and do not make war on you, and offer you peace, God does not allow you
to harm them" (Surah 2: Ayat 90; 4: 90; 5: 2; 8: 61; 22: 39)
 Since good and evil cannot be equal, repel thou evil with something that is
better, and love he between whom and thy self was enmity may then become
as though he had always been close unto thee, a true friend" (41:34)
• God does not allow harm of civilian, and requests the protection of women,
children and the elderly during war (4:96; 9: 91; 48: 16,17)
 “If any one slew a person--unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief
in the land--it would be as if he slew the whole people; and if anyone saved
a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people.” (5:32)
• You shall feed and protect prisoners of war, and you shall not expect a
reward (4: 25,36; 5:24)
Thus, the only permissible war in the Quran is one of self-defense, you
cannot kill unarmed (civilian), and you have to protect prisoners of war
Jihad and the Conduct of War
• Warfare is always evil. Sometimes you have to fight to avoid persecution. e.g.,
the one Mecca inflicted on early Muslims (2: 191; 2: 217), or to preserve decent
values (4: 75; 22: 40)
• Muslims may not begin hostilities
 "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits;
for Allah loves not transgressors." (2: 190).
– Notice: Defensive war, fight back
• Hostilities must be brought to an end as quickly as possible, and must cease the
minute the enemy sues for peace (2:192-3; 41:34)
• ‘Martyrdom’: Those killed during fighting or while doing civic duties (martyrs) are
promised a place in heaven (several passages, e.g., 2:154; 3:169-172)
• However, suicide is not allowed; it is forbidden and condemned (e.g., 6:151,
17:33, 25:68)
• One of my favorite Hadiths
 'Do not attack a temple, a church, a synagogue. Do not bring a tree
or a plant down. Do not harm a horse or a camel’
Relation with other Faiths
• Like the Torah, the Quran permits retaliation eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
But, like the Gospels, it says “it is meritorious to forgo revenge in a spirit of charity
(5: 45)
• Acknowledges Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses,
David, Solomon, Zacharia, Jesus, John the Baptist, and others as the “the good
prophets of God”
• A special place for Jesus and Mary (e.g., 3:45,46; 4:156-158; 19:1-98)
• Accepts that Mary’s conception is from God’s soul.
• Rejects the divinity of Jesus (no trinity).
• Jesus was not resurrected
Relation with other Faiths
• Islam did not impose itself by the sword.
 "There must be no coercion in matters of faith" (2: 256)
• Muslims have to respect Jews and Christians, the "People of the Book,"
who worship the same God (e.g., 2:62; 29:46).
 "And dispute ye not with the People of the Book, except with means better,
unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong: but say, 'We believe in
the revelation which has come down to us and in that which came down
to you; Our Allah and your Allah is one; and it is to Him we bow.”
• In one of his last public sermons Muhammad said
 “God tells all human beings, "O people! We have formed you into nations
and tribes so that you may know one another" (49: 13). Do not conquer,
convert, subjugate, revile or slaughter but to reach out toward others with
intelligence and understanding”
• The Levant remained mainly Christian for almost 200 Yrs.
 No one was forced to convert to Islam
• The right of all faiths to worship was respected
• Sites of warship, holy places and shrines of all faiths were protected
Social Justice
• Charity, Charity, Charity ….
 On top of the Zakat. Help the orphan, the poor, the ill, the lost, the homeless,
the elderly
 Endless times in the Quran (16 times in Chapters 2-5 alone)
• Freedom, Integrity, Equality, Justice ….
 “An hour of justice by a ruler is better than sixty days of hard work” (Hadith)
 Endless request for justice in the Quran (e.g., 2: 282; 6; 152)
– “O mankind, We’ve created you from a male and a female and have made
you nations and tribes that you may know and interact with each other.
The noblest of you in the sight of God is the best in conduct” (49:13).
– No Arab is privileged over non-Arab but by his or her conduct (Hadith)
– All people are equal like the teeth of a comb (Hadith)
– “You are not considered faithful in the sight of God unless you like for
your brother (read, others) what you like for yourself” (Hadith)
– when you are greeted with a greeting of peace, answer with an even
better greeting, or at least the like thereof" (4: 86).