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AKS 34a: Explain the origins of Islam & the growth of the Islamic Empire 1. Who are the Bedouins? • Arab nomads on the Arabian Peninsula. 2. What do the Bedouins value that became part of the Islamic way of life? • Valued ideals of courage & loyalty to family, along with their warrior skills, would become part of the Islamic way of life. 3. Who is Muhammad and explain his early life? • Born in Mecca. • Orphaned at age of 6. • When he was 25 he married a 40 year old business woman named Khadijah. • He would often pray & meditate alone in caves. 4. What happened to Muhammad at age 40 and what did he begin to teach? • While meditating in a cave he heard the voice of the Angel Gabriel. • Angel Gabriel told Muhammad that he was a messenger of Allah. • Muhammad realized he was the last prophet. • He began to teach that Allah was the one and only God & that all other Gods should be abandoned. 5. What do Islam & Muslim mean in Arabic? • Islam means “submission to the will of Allah” • Muslim means “one who has submitted” 6. What is the Hijrah & why is it a turning point for Muhammad? • After several of Muhammad’s followers were attacked, he decided to leave Mecca & move to Yathrib {aka Medina}. • It was a turning point because it allowed him to become a political, religious & military leader. • Muhammad also gained a lot of followers. 7. When did Muhammad &his followers return to Mecca? • In 630, Muhammad & his followers returned to Mecca to takeover the city. • The leaders of Mecca surrendered. 8. What did most Meccans do upon his return? • Pledged their loyalty to Muhammad & many converted to Islam. 9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? 9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? • Faith: Declaration that there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet. 9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? • Prayer: Five times a day {morning, noon, midafternoon, sunset, & evening} facing Mecca 9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? • Alms: Muslims have a social responsibility to give money to the poor 9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? • Fasting: Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan from dawn to dusk. The idea is to show that spiritual needs are greater than physical needs. 9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? • Pilgrimage: All Muslims who are physically and financially able make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lives. 10. Who is the original source of authority for Muslims & what does this word mean? • Allah. • “God”. 11. What is the holy book of Islam called? • Qur’an. – Written in Arabic. – Only the Arabic translation can be used during worship. – This helped spread the message of Muhammad. 12. Who was Muhammad’s successor, what is his title, & how did he spread Islam? • Muhammad died in 632. – He named no successor or instructions on how to pick his successor. • Abu Bakr was elected as the first caliph. – Caliph means “successor”. – To save the Islamic Faith, he invoked the jihad. 13. What is the jihad? • Jihad means “striving”. – The inner struggle against evil. • Qur’an says the Jihad means an armed struggle against unbelievers. – Abu Bakr applied this meaning of jihad to encourage and justify the expansion of Islam. 14. Why did the four “rightly guided” caliphs succeed in spreading Islam? • Abu Bakr – 1st Rightly Guided Caliph – Applied the Qur’an meaning of jihad to encourage and justify the expansion of Islam. 14. Why did the four “rightly guided” caliphs succeed in spreading Islam? • Umar – 2nd Rightly Guided Caliph – Muslim armies conquered Syria & lower Egypt, parts of the Sassanid Empire. 14. Why did the four “rightly guided” caliphs succeed in spreading Islam? • Uthman – 3rd Rightly Guided Caliph – Continued to expand Muslim territories. 14. Why did the four “rightly guided” caliphs succeed in spreading Islam? • Ali – 4th Rightly Guided Caliph – Continued to expand Muslim territories. AKS 34c – Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni & Shi’a Muslims 1. What happened in 656 and who were the two people claiming to be the rulers? • 656 – Uthman was murdered. This started a civil war. • Ali – the 4th Rightly Guided Caliph – was the natural choice as a successor to Uthman. – Ali was Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law. • Muawiya, a governor from Syria, challenged Ali’s right to rule. • 661 – Ali was assassinated. 2. Who were the Umayyads? • The Umayyads took control after Ali was assassinated. • Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus. • Lived a life of luxury, instead of simple life. 3. Explain the split, in detail, between the Shi’a & Sunni? • The majority of Muslims supported the Umayyads’ rule. . . . A small group resisted it. Fill in the following chart: BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUNNI & SHI’A MUSLIMS AKS 34d: Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in culture, innovations, and the preservation of Classical knowledge to include: medicine (Ibn Sina), geography (Ibn Battuta), origins, and the basic tenants of Islam. 1. What three reasons do the Muslims have for supporting science? • Rulers wanted qualified physicians treating them. • People needed to know what time to pray and the direction of Mecca. • Deep-seated curiosity about the world and a quest for truth. 2. What are the contributions of Muslims to astronomy? • Armillary sphere – Used to calculate time & date for prayer. • Studied orbits. • Mapped the stars. 3. What is the standard for Arabic literature? • The Qur’an 4. During the Abbasid caliphate, what did literature include? Give an example of popular literature and explain the piece. • Included poetry about nature and the pleasures of life and love – Literature included The Thousand and One Nights, a collection of fairy tales, parables, and legends. 5. Explain the following types of Muslim Art: • Calligraphy: – The art of beautiful handwriting – Images of living beings were discouraged because Muslims believe that only Allah can create life 5. Explain the following types of Muslim Art: • Geometric Patterns: – It uses intricate patterns that typically radiate out from the central shape 5. Explain the following types of Muslim Art: • Arabesque: – A complex, ornate design that usually incorporates flowers, leaves, and geometric patterns. 6. Why did Muslim artists express their creativity in this way? • Muslim leaders feared that people might begin worshipping the images rather than Allah. 7. What advances were made in medicine? • Ibn Sina Primary Source. 7. What advances were made in medicine? • Al-Razi: – Wrote a medical encyclopedia – He also wrote a treatise on smallpox and measles, where he believed people would recover more quickly if they breathed cleaner air. 8. What did Muslim scholars believe about math? • They believed that mathematics was the basis of all knowledge. 9. What branch of math did the Muslims create and who created it? • Algebra, created by Al-Khwarizmi 10. Who is Ibn Battuta, where did he visit, and what did he learn? 10. Who is Ibn Battuta, where did he visit, and what did he learn? • A traveler and historian • Visited most of the countries in the Islamic world. • He learned he could travel without fear of crime and praised people for their study of the Qur’an, but criticized them for not strictly practicing Islam’s moral code. - Homework Complete AKS 34e & AKS 34f for tomorrow!!!