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1194 • Jin Empire of northern China suffers from major famine after the Yellow River Changes course c.1200 • Abbasid Caliphate suffer from conflict between Shi’ite and Sunni • Rest of Muslim world struggling with internal conflict, including the Seljuk Turks 1203-c.1227 CE • Temuchin a Chief of Mongol Tribe • Temuchin fathers four sons Genghis Khan Jochi Batu Jagadai Guyuk Ogodei Mongke Tolui Khubilai Hulegu 1203 CE • After distinguishing himself in a battle to regain his stolen wife and Temuchin was named the Genghis Khan or Universal Ruler 1209 CE • Genghis begins his conquests by attacking the Tanggut Empire, a Buddhist nation in northwest China, bordering Tibet 1211-1215 CE • Attacked the Jin 1216 CE • Attacked Manchuria 1218 • Attacked Korea 1218 • Took Kara-Khitai 1219-1221 • Attacked Khorezim, Christians and Muslims 1223 • Suppress revolts by the Jin and Tanguts 1227 • Genghis Khan Died 1227 • Empire divided among heirs • Jochi’s son Bantu got Russia – Golden Horde • Jagadai got central Asia – Empire of Jagadai • Ogodei got Chinese Turkestan and the title Grand Khan • Tolui got the homeland 1229 • Ogodei officially gets title Great Khan and renews war against Jin with the help of the Song and Tolui 1233 • Jin totally defeated and Northern China under the control of the Mongols 1235 • Ogodei declares war on the Song 1237 • Batu takes Moscow and Kiev in Russia 1241 • Mongols (Golden Horde) reached the borders of the Holy Roman Empire 1241 • Death of Ogodei, the Great Khan 1246 • Guyuk, Ogodei’s son becomes Khan after his fathers death 1255 • Middle East Falls to the Mongols 1258 • Mongols of the il-khan Kill the Caliph 1260 • Khubilai becomes Great Khan (5th) • Civil War 1260 • Kubilai Khan names Peking the Capital of Empire of the Great Khan 1260 • Mamluk defeat the Mongol invasion of Egypt with help from the Golden Horde • Hulegu named il-khan by Kubilai 1259 • Mongols take the Kingdom of Tali in Northern China causing a major migration to Thailand 1265 • Kubilai began an extended and campaign in southeast Asia 1271 • Kubilai takes the Dynastic name Yuan c. 1279 • Mongols of China convert to Buddhism 1279 • China falls to the Mongols c.1280 • Kubilai demanded tribute from Ceylon and Malabar Coast 1292 • Kubilai demanded tribute from Java, failed Outcome •Yuan Dynasty in China •IL-Khanate in Persia •Golden Horde in Russia •Khanate of Jagadai in Central Asia Global Consequences of the Mongols: Trade increased: silk, porcelain, regulated and safe Increased Communication: individuals traveled across continents, ideas about passports, coal mining, movable type, metallurgy, math, gunpowder, bronze, pharmacology… spread Disease Spread: Plague, Typhus, Influenza, & Smallpox The IL Khan: Killed last Caliph: weakened Muslim unity Cultural Conflict: Mongol consumption of blood, leaders of IL Khan non-Muslim Inter-Mongol Conflict: Warfare between Golden Horde and IL Khan over religion and territory, involved Christian Crusaders and Mamluks in conflict, ended when new Khan became Muslim Tax Farming: Sold tax collecting rights to private investors, caused economic decline, gov then had trouble supplying troops, took land to do this, this was non-taxable so again tax revenue declined Economic Failure: high taxes led to intro of paper money, did not work, lead to rebellion Overthrow: Timur, a new Central Asian Invader took over, Turkic but used Mongol Army Cultural Flowering: scholars & artist from China, Central Asia, and Middle East meet in Baghdad, Timur actually forcibly relocated scholars to Baghdad, Results: a world history, miniature paintings, algebra, trigonometry, astronomy influenced Europeans like Copernicus, calendars, predicting eclipses, improved Astrolabes, Golden Horde: Trade: Benefited south more Orthodox Church Cemented: Mongols used church to re-enforce power, helped church Northern Migration: Russian Princes of North Gained Privilege, Moscow and Novogrod’s power increased, Kiev decreased, Princes of Moscow became Tsars Economy: High taxes collected by Russian princes drained gold and silver Mongols introduced paper money, little affect b/c Russia had a barter ecomony Isolation: Mongol domination cut Russia off from Europe and may has slowed development Centralization nearby: Mongol pressure increased Gov power in Ottoman Empire, Lithuania, and Serbia Yuan China: Economic Decline: tax farming, paper money, Chinafication: Mongols adopted much Chinese tradition, Confucianism made strong, Mandarin Lama Buddhism: Mongols adopt Buddhism of Tibet Beijing: became capital, built forbidden city, Unification: finally unify China into what it is today, worked to break down cultural differences Social Class: Mongols on top, Central Asians and Middle Easterns ran gov, then northern Chinese, southern Chinese at bottom, Chinese became merchants and formed a new Gentry class, Corporations formed, Urbanization resulted Medical improvements: blended Chinese with Greek and Middle Eastern