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Sparta and
Athens
I.
Sparta and Athens
A. Sparta: The Military Ideal
Helots- people that were conquered
B. Spartan Society
Sparta had three social groups
1. equals- descended from the invaders
2. half-citizens- were free, paid taxes and serve in army
no political power
3. helot-lowest group and became slaves of the Spartan
city-state, Sparta's used force to control them
because they outnumbered the Spartans
C. Government in Sparta
Sparta government had several parts
two kings were the head of the government
one king lead the army and the other took care of matters at
home
the Council of Elders were made up of 28 male citizens over the
age of 60, these council members were usually wealthily
aristocratic men
these guys proposed laws and served as criminal court
assembly was final part of the government voted on accept
the assembly had male citizens that were over 30 years old
the assembly would vote on accepting or rejecting laws
proposed by the Council of Elders
the assembly also elect 5 ephors for one year terms
Ephors- these guys were to keep the king stayed within the law
and keep king in line
the ephors were in compete control over
education for young Spartans
D. Life in Sparta’s military society
Sparta controlled the lives of its citizens from birth to death
The goal was to make every adult male citizen part of the
military machine.
development of Spartan fighting men started at birth, a
group of officials examine the newborn babies, any
unhealthy
baby was left to die
at age of 7 boys left home to live in military barracks, military
training formed the basis of their education, along with
reading and writing
18 to 20 trained specifically for war
at age of 20 Spartan male citizen started their military service
they could marry but live at home until they 30
They were not allowed to enrage in any trade or business.
men were available for military service and until 60
future wives and mothers of Spartan soldiers, Spartan girls also
had to be strong and healthy, they received strict physical
training and were taught to be devoted to the city
E. Athens: The Birth of Democracy
Athens developed totally different from Sparta
Athens was in the most fertile areas in Greece, they turned to
the sea and became sea traders
Fy. Athenian society
citizens formed the top group in Athenian society
citizens were rich or poor farmers
Only Athenian born men, however, had full political rights.
Female citizens could not vote or hold office.
Metics- non-citizens
these people were born outside of Athens, these people
worked as merchants or artisans, they were free and paid taxes
like the citizens, they could not take part in government or
own
land
slaves were at the bottom of Athenian society
slaves were people captured in war, owned by masters and
treated as property
In time, slaves and metics made up more than in half of Athens's
population,
G. Early Government in Athens
the city-state had an aristocratic government
citizens that owned land could hold office
All adult male citizens met in an assembly
the assembly elected generals in time of war
They also elected 9 Archons, rulers who served one-year term.
At first, Athens laws were not written down.
Draco- first written law code around 621 BC
Draco’s laws were so harsh and serve today we call a harsh law
a Draconian law.
more citizens were sold into slavery to pay debt back and in 594
BC Solon became archon and settles disputes between creditors
and debtors by erasing the debts of the poor and outlawing
slavery for debt
H. Athenian Democracy
Cleisthenes seized power in 507 BC
he divided Athens's citizens into 10 tribes, then he had each
tribe choose 50 men, these men formed the Council of Five
Hundred
Members served one year and could not be chosen more
than twice. The council proposed laws to the assembly, but
the assembly had final say.
the courts were more democratic
Direct Democracy- all citizens participated directly in making
decisions
Representative Democracy- citizens elect representatives to
govern for them
II. Daily Life in Athens
A. Athenian Economy
most were farmers and grew olives, grapes, and figs
Terracing- small plots of land from the hillside
Athenian farmers were send to colonize other place and to
spread Greek culture
Import- a good or service bought from another country or
region
Export- a good or service sold to another country or region
Trade was the mainstay of Athens's economy.
B. Home and Family Life
most of the Athenian families lived in simple homes
Athenians thought money should be used to build buildings
so the whole community can use them and not for private
use
marriage and family was very important to the Athenians
Parents always arranged marriages. Girl married young at
age 13 or 14. A girl’s husband might be twice her age or
older. The main purpose of marriage was to have children.
Despite such personal feelings, legally and socially Athenian
but could women were considered inferior to men. They were
citizens but could not own or inherit property.
Pedagogue- male slave that taught boy manners
C. Education and Military Service
Education for boys
Elementary schools- reading, writing, grammar, poetry,
music and gymnastics
there was a small fee
Older boys studied Government, mathematics, ethics,
and rhetoric
this was started by Sophists in about 400 BC
Ethics- deals with what is good and bad , and moral duty
Rhetoric- the study of oratory, or public speaking, and
debating
at 18 Athenian males received a year of military training.
III. Expansion of Greece
A. The Persian Wars
500 BC the Greeks rebelled against the Persians
Athens helped these city-states uprisings and this became a
series of conflicts between Greece and Persia these were
known as Persian Wars
The wars were fought under Darius and Xerxes
these were two Persian leaders
Darius crushed the Greeks on Asia Minor and he want to
punish Athens for helping the rebels
Darius invaded the mainland of Greece and at Battle of
Marathon the Persians were pushed back
in 480 BC Xerxes lead Persians to Greece, but this time the
Greeks united to stop the Persians
Battle of Thermopylae- the Spartans were outnumbered but
held the pass and the other Greeks reorganized
In 470 BC the Athenians and Spartans joined forces and
defeated the Persians
B. Results of the Persian Wars
Greeks were free in Asia Minor, but Persian were still
powerful
Delian League- an alliance of city-states with Athens as
leader
C. Age Of Pericles
Pericles was a great general, orator, and statesman
he had public office from 461 BC – 429 BC
during his time Athens was at its peak of power and wealth
male citizens could hold office except lowest class
there was stability and prosperity
D. Peloponnesian War
Athens and Sparta were rivals
the lasted for 27 years
Athens was defeated in 404 BC
after the war Greece was political unstable