Download Memory

Memory
The persistence of learning over time through
the storage and retrieval of information.
Take out a piece of paper…..
• Name the seven
dwarves…..
Now name them…..
Was it easy or hard?
• It depends on several
things….
• If you like Disney
movies?
• When was the last
time you have seen
the movie?
• Are people around you
being loud and
obnoxious so you
cannot concentrate?
Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Recall vs. Recognition
Recall
• You must retrieve the
information from your
memory.
• Fill-in-the blank or
essay tests.
Recognition
• You must identify the
target from possible
targets.
• Multiple-choice tests.
Retrospective vs. Prospective Memory
• Retrospective memory involves things from the past
(i.e. events, people).
• Prospective memory - involves
things you have to do in the
future (i.e. remembering to
email your college application).
The Memory Process
Three step process…
1. Encoding: The processing of
information into the memory
system.
2. Storage: The retention of encoded
material over time.
3. Retrieval: The process of getting
the information out of memory
storage.
Three Box Model of Memory
Encoding
Getting the information into our heads!!!!
Sensory Memory
• A split second holding
tank for ALL sensory
information.
• Iconic Memory: a brief
visual memory.
• Echoic Memory: a brief
auditory memory.
Two ways to encode information:
• Automatic Processing
• Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing
• Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
• You encode space, time and word meaning
without effort.
• Things can become automatic with practice.
Effortful Processing
• Encoding that requires attention and conscious
effort.
• Rehearsal is the most common effortful
processing technique.
• Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful
becomes automatic.
Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve
• Hermann Ebbinghaus.
• The amount remembered
depends on the time
spent learning!
Spacing Effect
• We encode better
when we study or
practice over time.
• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!
Take out a piece of paper…..
• Number from 1-44 on your paper.
• Name all of the U.S. Presidents.
The Presidents
Washington
J.Adams
Taylor
Fillmore
Harrison
Cleveland
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Jefferson
Madison
Monroe
Pierce
Buchanan
Lincoln
McKinley
T.Roosevelt
Taft
L.Johnson
Nixon
Ford
JQ Adams
Jackson
Van Buren
Harrison
A.Johnson
Grant
Hayes
Garfield
Wilson
Harding
Coolidge
Hoover
Carter
Reagan
Bush
Clinton
Tyler
Polk
Arthur
Cleveland
F.D.Roosevelt Bush Jr.
Truman
Obama
Serial Position Effect
• Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list.
Presidents
Recalled
If we graph what an average person remembers from the
presidential list- it would probably look something like this.
Encoding Information
• Primacy Effect (1st
things on a list)
• Recency Effect (last
things on a list)
Encoding exercise
Types of Encoding
• Semantic Encoding: the
encoding of meaning, like the
meaning of words.
•Acoustic Encoding: the encoding
of sound, especially the sounds of
words.
•Visual Encoding: the encoding
of picture images.
Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM
• Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable
units. For example, a phone number.
• Mnemonic devices: (memory aids) (like the “method of
loci”). For example, My Aunt Rachel Taught You Right =
Martyr.
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NROegsMqNc
• Rehearsal: repetition, repetition, repetition, etc. Like
when I’m trying to learn the new Taylor Swift song I
listen to and sing it over, and over, and over again.
Short-Term Memory
• The stuff we encode from
the sensory memory goes to
STM.
• Holds about 7 (+ or - 2) items
for about 20 seconds.
• We recall random digits
better than random letters.
• Info unrehearsed will decay
in about 12 seconds.
Take out a piece of paper…..
• I will show you a series of slides with an
increasing amount of numbers on each slide.
• I will show each slide for 8 seconds.
• When the slide is switched you may try and
write down as many of the numbers as you
can.
9754
68259
913825
5963827
86951372
719384273
9152438162
15284673184
517398263807
6940382415968
Storage
How we retain the information we encode.
Long-Term Memory
• We have yet to find the limit
of our long-term memory.
• For example, Rajan Mahadevan
was able to recite 31,811
digits of pi.
• At 5 years old, Rajan would
memorize the license plates of
all of his parents’ guests
(about 75 cars in ten minutes).
He still remembers the plate
numbers to this day.
Long-Term Memory
• Unlimited
storehouse of
information.
• It can last days,
months, or years.
Types of Long-Term Memory
Explicit Memories
• Episodic Memories (events).
• Semantic Memories (facts).
Implicit Memories
• Procedural Memories (skills).
• Conditioned Memories.
Types of Long Term Memory
Storing Memories
Long Term-Potentiation:
• Is the long-lasting enhancement in
signal transmission between two
neurons.
• In other words…they learn to fire
together and get better at
it…creating a memory.
• When learning occurs, more
serotonin is released into the
synapses.
The Hippocampus
• Is involved in storing
explicit memories.
• Damage to the
hippocampus disrupts
our memory.
• Often leads to some
form or amnesia.
• The Cerebellum is
involved in storing
implicit memories.
Anterograde Amnesia
• A loss of the ability to create
new memories; while longterm memories remain intact.
• Usually caused by damage to
the hippocampus.
• Can be caused by alcohol
intoxication (i.e. “blackouts”).
Retrograde Amnesia
• Form of amnesia where
someone is unable to
recall events that
occurred before the
development of the
amnesia.
• Commonly results from
damage to the temporal
lobes or hippocampus.
Retrieval
How do we recall the information
we thought we remembered?
Let’s Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!
Retrieval Cues
• Things that help us
remember.
•We often use a
process called priming
(the activation of
associations in our
memory).
Repetition Priming
1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is
easier to recognize a face or word if you have
recently seen that same face or word.
Semantic Priming
2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is
easier to recognize a person or a word if you
have just seen something closely associated with
them/it.
Priming
The Context Matters!!!
• Flashbulb Memories.
• Mood Congruent
Memory.
• State Dependent
Memory.
Another activity…
• I will show you a series of slides with a word
on each slide.
• After I have shown you ALL the slides try
and write down as many of the words as you
can remember.
• Ready?
Rest
Snore
Sound
Tired
Bed
Comfort
Awake
Eat
Wake
Dream
Slumber
Night
• Take 2 minutes to write down as many of the
words as you can.
• How many remembered the word AARDVARK?
• How many remembered the word SLEEP?
• Neither word was on the list!
Déjà Vu
• That eerie sense that you
have experienced something
before.
• What is occurring is that
the current situation cues
past experiences that are
very similar to the present
one & your mind gets
confused.
Forgetting
Encoding Failure:
Not getting info into LT Memory
Forgetting
Which is the real penny?
Storage Decay
• Even if we encode
something well, we can
forget it.
• Without rehearsal, we
forget things over
time.
• Remember Hermann
Ebbinghaus?
Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
Retrieval Failure
• The memory was encoded and stored, but
sometimes you just cannot access the memory
(like the Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon).
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Can you name the capital cities of the following?
Alaska
N. Hampshire
New Mexico
South Dakota
Missouri
Kansas
Idaho
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Oregon
Delaware
N. Carolina
Vermont
Montana
Connecticut
Michigan
Washington
Wyoming
Mississippi
Maine
New York
Ohio
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
With the first letter of the capital city. Can you do it now?
Alaska
J
N. Hampshire C
New Mexico
South Dakota
Missouri
Kansas
S
P
J
T
Idaho
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Oregon
B
S
H
S
Delaware
N. Carolina
Vermont
D
R
M
Montana
Connecticut
Michigan
H
H
L
Washington
Wyoming
Mississippi
O
C
J
Maine
New York
Ohio
A
A
C
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
With the first letter of the capital city. Can you do it now?
Alaska
Juneau
N. Hampshire Concord
New Mexico
South Dakota
Missouri
Kansas
Santa Fe
Pierre
Idaho
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Oregon
Boise
Springfield
Harrisburg
Salem
Montana
Connecticut
Michigan
Helena
Hartford
Lansing
Maine
New York
Ohio
Augusta
Albany
Columbus
Delaware
N. Carolina
Vermont
Washington
Wyoming
Mississippi
Jefferson City
Topeka
Dover
Raleigh
Montpelier
Olympia
Cheyenne
Jackson
Forgetting: Interference Theory
• Retroactive
Interference: new
information blocks
out old information.
• Proactive
Interference: old
information blocks
out new information.
Getting a new bus
number and
forgetting old
bus number.
Calling your new girlfriend by old
girlfriends name.
Mnemonic for the Interference Theory
• PORN
• Proactive.
• Old info blocking out new info.
• Retroactive.
• New info blocking out old info.
Motivated Forgetting
• We sometimes revise our own histories.
Honey, I did stick to my diet today!!!!!!
Motivated Forgetting
Why does is exist?
One explanation is
REPRESSION:
• In psychoanalytic theory,
the basic defense
mechanism that banishes
anxiety-arousing thoughts,
feelings and memories from
consciousness.
Memory Construction
• We sometimes alter
our memories as we
encode or retrieve
them.
• Your expectations,
schemas, and
environment may
alter your memories.
Misinformation Effect
• Incorporating misleading information
into one’s memory of an event.
It would be like if my parents told me for years that I met Jerry West.
I have the memory - but it never happened!!!
Misinformation Effect
Depiction of Accident
Misinformation Effect
Leading Question: About how fast were the
cars going when they smashed into each other?
Source Amnesia
(source misattribution)
• The inability to remember
where, when or how previously
learned information has been
acquired, while retaining the
factual knowledge.
• This is often at the heart of
“false memories.”