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CHAPTER 7: HUMAN MEMORY HUMAN MEMORY: BASIC QUESTIONS How does information get ____ memory? How is information ________ in memory? How is information ___________ of memory? Figure 7.2 Three key processes in memory ENCODING: GETTING INFORMATION INTO MEMORY The role of ________ Focusing ________ ________ attention ENCODING: GETTING INFORMATION INTO MEMORY The role of attention Levels of _____________ Incoming information processed at different levels ________ processing = longer lasting memory codes Encoding levels: ________ = shallow _________ = intermediate _________ = deep Figure 7.3 Levels-of-processing theory ENRICHING ENCODING __________ = linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding Thinking of __________ ______________ = creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered Easier for concrete objects: ____________ theory STORAGE: MAINTAINING INFORMATION IN MEMORY Analogy: information storage in _________ ~ information storage in human _______ Information-processing theories Subdivide Sensory, memory into three different ______ Short-term, Long-term Figure 7.6 The Atkinson and Schiffrin model of memory storage SENSORY MEMORY Brief preservation of information in ________ sensory form ___________ – approximately ___ second SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM) Limited duration – about ___ seconds without rehearsal _________ – the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information Limited capacity – magical number __________________ _______ – grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit SHORT-TERM MEMORY AS “WORKING MEMORY” STM not limited to phonemic encoding Loss of information not only due to ______ Baddeley (1986) – 3 components of working memory __________ rehearsal loop ___________ sketchpad _________ control system Figure 7.7 Short-term memory as working memory LONG-TERM MEMORY __________ Capacity Permanent storage? __________ memories How is knowledge represented and organized in memory? _______ and Scripts _________ Networks Connectionist Networks and PDP Models RETRIEVAL: GETTING INFORMATION OUT OF MEMORY The _____________ phenomenon – a failure in retrieval Retrieval Reinstating the context Context ____ cues Reconstructing memories ____________ effect Source monitoring FORGETTING: WHEN MEMORY LAPSES ___________ Forgetting Curve _______ – the proportion of material retained Recall Recognition Relearning Figure 7.10 Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve for nonsense syllables WHY WE FORGET Ineffective Encoding ________ ___________ Proactive Retroactive Retrieval ______ _____________ Authenticity of repressed memories? Memory illusions Controversy Figure 7.11 Effects of interference Figure 7.12 Retroactive and proactive interference RETRIEVAL FAILURE Encoding ____________ Transfer-Appropriate Processing Repression Authenticity of repressed memories? Memory ________ Controversy Figure 7.14 The prevalence of false memories observed by Roediger and McDermott (1995) THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY ________ Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia __________ Medial temporal lobe memory system ______circuitry Localized neural circuits ________ modulating neurotransmitter Biochemistry systems Protein synthesis Figure 7.16 The anatomy of memory SYSTEMS AND TYPES OF MEMORY Declarative vs. ___________ _________ vs. Episodic Prospective vs. _____________ Figure 7.17 Theories of independent memory systems Figure 7.18 Retrospective versus prospective memory
