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“I Perceive, I Remember” By Miriam Mendoza Table of Contents Storage in the Brain •Hermann Ebbinghaus •Stages of Storage •Types of Storage •Serial Position Effect • Encoding •Mnemonic Devices •Organizing Information •Retrieval when Lost •Sources • Storage in the Brain •Working memories in the Prefrontal Cortex (behind forehead) ----important in consciousness • Short-term memory is in temporary electrochemical connection among neutrons • Then transferred to side of Temporal Lobe (long-term) •Long-term in the Hippocampus and Amygdala which relates to sight and sound (long-term potentiation) •Fun Fact: “Brain Fingerprinting” detects the electrical activity that works with recognition. Hermann Ebbinghaus Ebbinghaus was born in Germany on January 24, 1850 Studied at the University of Bonn (Ph. D. in Philosophy) He conducted the first memory experiments Developed a children’s intelligence test Opened psychology lab at the University of Berlin Said the more you rehearse and practice, the more you memorize Stages of Storage Encoding- getting information into the memory system Storage- retaining information in memory over time Retrieval- getting information out of memory storage Example: Learn new topic…..Study the topic information….Take the test for the topic. Types of Storage Sensory Memory: brief hold of memory (less than half a second) this is usually the information you need at moment Short-term memory: memory that is kept for 30 seconds; A.K.A. the working memory. Limited because our consciousness, which holds it, is limited Long-term memory: memory that is kept in the brain for a pretty long time (permanent) Flashbulb memory: (could be random) a vivid memory that has stayed in your brain for a long time. Emotionally important Serial Position Effect This is a common effect that happens to most people When given a list of items of names, people tend to remember the first and last things on the list Primacy Effect: Recall the items at the beginning of the list Recency Effect: Recall the items at the end of the list Encoding Semantic Encoding: encoding a meaning (Finding meanings, explanations, and researching) Acoustic Encoding: have memories that are triggered by sounds. Visual Encoding: have memories that are triggered by images and people Self-Reference Effect: memory information that will be remembered because you made a connection from your own life Mnemonic Devices Basically memory tricks Method of Loci: associate items with imaginary places and things Peg-Word System: associate items with list of words that are easy to memorize Organizing Information “Chunking” is when information is organized into large topics Hierarchy: once there are large topics, the information is now specifically placed into certain groups. Rehearsals: memorize the information to the point that it comes naturally Overlearning: memorizing when it is already memorized Retrieval when Lost Two types of memories that are triggered back into the mind: -Explicit memory: facts and experiences -Implicit memory: skills and procedures Recall: “memory searching”, you go into the brain to get the memory Recognition: once you have the memory, you identify the facts, people, and places Context Effect: effect that brings back memories that are similar to the present situation State-dependent memory: effect that brings back memories that have similar emotions and physical feelings to present situation Sources Sweeny, Michael S. Brain: The Complete Mind. “Memory Forms”. National Geographic. Wash. D.C. 2009. Evans-Martin, F. Fay. The Human Body: How It Works. Infobase Publishing. New York. 2010. Broeker, Charles. Thinking About Psychology. “Module 22 and 23.” Worth Publishers. 2008.