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Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 13 Nervous System Lecture Outline Part 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 13.2 The Central Nervous System 1. The brain: Cerebrum – The lobes • Cerebrum – largest portion of the brain • Divided into 4 lobes 1. _______ lobe: primary motor area and conscious thought 2. _________ lobe: primary auditory, smell, and speech area 3. _________ lobe: primary somatosensory and taste area 4. _________ lobe : primary visual area 2 13.2 The Central Nervous System 1. The brain: Cerebrum – The cerebral hemispheres Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. central sulcus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe primary somatosensory area primary motor area premotor area leg motor speech (Broca’s) area trunk somatosensory association area primary taste area arm prefrontal area hand general interpretation area face anterior ventral tongue posterior dorsal Occipital lobe primary olfactory area lateral sulcus Temporal lobe primary visual area visual association area auditory association area primary auditory area sensory speech (Wernicke’s) area Figure 13.9 The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. 3 13.2 The Central Nervous System 1. The brain: Cerebrum – The cerebral cortex • Cerebral cortex – thin, outer layer of gray matter • Primary motor area – _________ control of skeletal muscle • Primary somatosensory area – for sensory information from skeletal muscle and skin • Association areas – ___________ occurs here • _______________ – perform higher level analytical functions including Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas, both involved in speech 4 13.2 The Central Nervous System 1. The brain: Cerebrum – The cerebral cortex Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. arm trunk forearm thumb, fingers, and hand swallowing hand, fingers, and thumb thigh foot and toes a. Primary motor area longitudinal fissure leg upper face leg facial expression salivation vocalization mastication arm neck trunk pelvis forearm thigh pelvis foot and toes lips teeth and gums tongue and pharynx Figure 13.10 The primary motor and primary somatosensory areas of the brain. genitals b. Primary somatosensory area longitudinal fissure 5 13.2 The Central Nervous System 2. The brain: Diencephalon • Includes the • ______________ – helps maintain homeostasis (hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance) and controls pituitary gland • Thalamus – 2 masses of gray matter that receive all sensory input except smell; involved in memory and emotions • ____________ – secretes melatonin that controls our daily rhythms 6 13.2 The Central Nervous System 2. The brain: Diencephalon Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. lateral third ventricle ventricle pineal gland Cerebrum skull meninges corpus callosum Diencephalon thalamus (surrounds the third ventricle) hypothalamus pituitary gland Brain stem midbrain pons Cerebellum fourth ventricle medulla oblongata spinal cord b. Cerebral hemispheres a. Parts of brain Figure 13.8 The human brain. 7 13.2 The Central Nervous System 3. The brain: Cerebellum • Receives and integrates sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints, and muscles about the current position of the body • Functions • _______________ • _____________ voluntary movement • Allows learning of new _____________ (i.e., playing the piano or hitting a baseball) 8 13.2 The Central Nervous System 4. The brain: The brain stem • Includes • __________ – relay station between the cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum; reflex center • _______ – a bridge between cerebellum and the CNS; regulates breathing rate; reflex center for head movements • ________________ – contains reflex centers for regulating breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure • ________________ – major component of the reticular activating system (RAS) that regulates alertness 9 13.2 The Central Nervous System The reticular formation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. RAS radiates to cerebral cortex. thalamus reticular formation ascending sensory tracts (touch, pain, temperature) Figure 13.11 The reticular formation of the brain. 10 13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions The limbic system • It joins primitive emotions (i.e., fear, pleasure) with higher functions such as reasoning. • The _____________ can cause strong emotional reactions to situations but conscious thought can override and direct our behavior. • Includes • Amygdala – imparts emotional overtones • Hippocampus – important to _________ and ___________ 11 13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions The limbic system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. corpus thalamus callosum hypothalamus olfactory bulb olfactory tract amygdala Figure 13.12 The regions of the brain associated with the limbic system. hippocampus 12 13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions Higher mental functions • Learning – what happens when we recall and use past memories • Memory – ability to hold a thought or to recall past events • Short-term memory – retention of information for only a few minutes 13 13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions Higher mental functions • Long-term memory – retention of information for more than a few minutes and includes the following • __________ memory – people and events • __________ memory – numbers and words • ______________ – performing skilled motor activities (i.e., riding a bike) • Language – depends on __________ memory 14 13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions What parts of the brain are active in reading and speaking? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. primary auditory cortex visual cortex 1. The word is seen in the visual cortex. Wernicke’s area 2. Information concerning the word is interpreted in Wernicke’s area. primary motor cortex Broca’s area 3. Information from Wernicke’s area is transferred to Broca’s area. 4. Information is transferred from Broca’s area to the primary motor area. (all): © Marcus Raichle Figure 13.13 The areas of the brain involved in reading. 15