Download Memory

Write down the Name the Seven
Dwarves.
Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult?
It depends on many factors…..
•Whether you like Disney movies
•How long ago you watched the movie
•How loud the people are around you when
you are trying to remember
Memory
The persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of
information.
The Memory Processes
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Encoding
 The processing of information into the long-term storage.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
Storage
The retention of encoded
material over time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her name
when you leave the party.
Retrieval
 The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Recall v. Recognition
 With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory
(fill-in-the blank tests).
 With recognition- you must identify the items you learned earlier
(multiple-choice tests).
 Which is easier?
 Memory and learning build upon each other.
3 Stages of Memory
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory (also
known an working memory)
Encoding
Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
 The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the
memory system.
 Echoic – sensory memory for sound (last 1-2 s.)
 Iconic – sensory memory for vision (lasts a fraction of a second)
 Stored just for an instant, and most information gets
unprocessed.
Sensory memory
 Eidetic memory: known as
photographic memory or
superior autobiographical
memory
 Very rare; debatable
 Seems to happen in younger
children and as they grow it
disappears.
 Photographic memory
Short-Term Memory
Memory that holds a few items
briefly.
Also known as working memory
Seven digits (plus or minus two).
The info will either go on to be
stored into long-term memory
or forgotten.
Info. Will stay here as long as
you keep repeating or working
with it.
OTTFFSSENT
How do you store things from short-term to longterm?
Maintenance Rehearsal: You must repeat
things over and over to put them into your
long-term memory.
Elaborative Rehearsal: making information
meaningful rather than just repeating over and
over again.
Long Term Memory
Unlimited storehouse of information.
Permanent
3 kinds of Memories
 Episodic
 Generic
 Procedural
 They are either implicit or explicit.
 Implicit means you don’t know how you know it but you do!
 Explicit means you have to consciously search for the memory
Explicit: Episodic Memories
A Personal memory of a
specific event or
collection of events in
your life. (an episode in
your life)
 It is the collection of past
personal experiences that
occurred at a particular
time and place.
Explicit: Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of
a emotionally
significant moment
or event.
They are often
shared events but
can be personal to
you
Explicit: Generic
General knowledge or
information that can be
recalled.
Facts
George Washington was
the first President of the
United States
Implicit Memories
Procedural MemoriesSkills or procedures
you have learned
Includes classical and
operant conditioned
effects
To summarize….
Memory and the Brain
 Our brain Builds memories like a
puzzle. It will fill in missing pieces.
 Not accurate!
 Hypothalamus
 Cerebellum
 Hormones and stress
 Amygdala (PTSD)
Spacing Effect
We increase longterm retention
when we study or
practice over time.
Cramming is an
inefficient means of
studying
Most info. Will be
forgotten soon.
Activity
 On the next slide will be a list of words.
 You have 60 seconds to remember as many words as
possible.
 When the slide changes write down as many words as
you can remember.
 You will only have a minute to write them down.
All-purpose memory demo
Bed
Toss
Quilt
Tired
Dark
Artichoke
Silence
Turn
Fatigue
Rest
Clock
Dream
Snoring
Restful
Night
 Write down as many words as you can remember!
 They do not have to be in any particular order.
Serial Positioning Effect
 We tend to remember the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency
effect) of a list best.
 Also known as primacy recency effect
Words remembered
Order on list
Chunking
 Organizing items into familiar,
manageable units.
 Often it will occur automatically.
Take 10 seconds to try to remember
this number list:
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Chunk- from Goonies
What are some other
examples of chunking?
Chunking
Now, try again:
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941
Tricks to Encoding
Mnemonic Devices = memory tricks
-Often use imagery (peg word, method of
loci, “hippo on campus…”)
-May use natural language mediators or
acronyms (My very earnest mother just
served us nine [pizzas], (ROY G. BIV)
Give me some more examples….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
Forgetting
 Anterograde Amnesia: memory
loss that prevents new memories
from forming. May be the cause
of damage to the hippocampus.
 Retrograde Amnesia: the failure
to remember events that
occurred prior to physical trauma
because of the effects the
trauma.
 Stop for Reading on H.M
 Clive Wearing
The woman who could not
forget
 Jill Price