Download LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. ITALY

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST
NOTABLE DISASTERS
ITALY
PART 2: VOLCANOES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED
DISASTERS IN ITALY
FLOODS
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE
AND COMMUNITIES
HIGH BENEFIT/COST
PROGRAMS FOR
BECOMING DISASTER
RESILIENT
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Natural Phenomena that Cause
Disasters
Planet Earth’s
heat flow and
lithosphericmantle collisionzone interactions cause
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500
ACTIVE VOLCANOES
ITALY AND THE REGIONAL
TECTONIC PLATES
LITHOSPHERIC-MANTLE INTERACTIONS: AFRICA---EURASIA PLATES
VOLCANOES
are awesome manifestations
of heat flowing as a result of
movement along faults
located in subduction zones
or at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii
and Iceland).
Of the 14 volcanoes in Italy,
the four best known are: Etna
(the largest active volcano in
Europe), Vulcano, Stromboli,
and Vesuvius (the only active
volcano on the mainland of
Europe).
A DISASTER is ----- the set of failures that overwhelm the
capability of a community to respond
without external help when three
continuums: 1) people, 2) community
(i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and
social constructs), and 3) complex
events (e.g., volcanic eruptions, ,..)
intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by
single- or multiple-event
natural hazards that, (for
various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality,
morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses,
or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely
happen
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the
functions of the community’s
buildings and infrastructure that
are UNPROTECTED with the
appropriate codes and standards
will be LOST.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER
PLANNING SCENARIO or
WARNING SYSTEM in place as a
strategic framework for concerted
local, national, regional, and
international actions.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE
CAPACITY TO RESPOND to
the full spectrum of expected
and unexpected emergency
situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT
during recovery and
reconstruction because it HAS
NOT LEARNED from either the
current experience or the
cumulative prior experiences.
TOWARDS VOLCANO
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE
RISK
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
VOLCANO RISK
• VOLCANO HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
ITALY’S
COMMUNITIES
VOLCANO DISASTER
RESILIENCE
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
•
•
•
•
VERTICAL PLUME
ASH AND TEPHRA
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER”
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL VOLCANOES
PREPAREDNESS
FOR THE LIKELY
HAZARDS (PDA’s)
IS ESSENTIAL
FOR DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL VOLCANOES
EARLY WARNING
IS ESSENTIAL
FOR EVACUATION AND
DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL VOLCANOES
TIMELY
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
DISASTER
RESILIENCE
LOCATION: ITALY’S FOUR
NOTABLE VOLCANOES
LAST ERUPTIONS OF
ITALY’S FOUR NOTABLE
VOLCANOES
VULCANO: 1890
VESUVIUS:1944
ETNA: 2012
STROMBOLI: 2013 CONTINUING
ITALY’S VULCANO: 1890 - - -
ITALY’S VESUVIUS: 1944
ITALY’S VESUVIUS: 1944
Naples is at risk
ITALY’S ETNA: 2012 - - -
ITALY’S STROMBOLI: 2013 - - -
THE MOST COMMON FLAWS EXPOSED
BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• UN—PREPARED FOR WHAT HAPPENED
• UN---WARNED; NO EVACUATION
• UN---ABLE TO RESPOND
EFFECTIVELY; LIVES LOST
ITALY’S NEXT VOLCANIC
ERUPTION IS INEVITABLE
• BUT, VOLCANO
DISASTER
RESILIENCE IS
NOT AN
IMPOSSIBLE
DREAM!