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Transcript
Oceanography “The Vast World Ocean” Random Facts!! 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by the global ocean! Oceanography – draws on the methods and knowledge of geology, chemistry, physics, and biology to study aspects of the ocean. Main Ocean Basins Pacific Ocean – Largest/Deepest Atlantic Ocean – ½ the size of the Pacific/narrow Indian Ocean – southern hemisphere Arctic Ocean – 7% the size of the Pacific Mapping the Ocean Floor *Bathymetry – the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the topography of the ocean floor. Mapping the Ocean Floor Sonar – bouncing waves from the ship to the floor and back Satellites Submersibles – observe sea creatures/collect data – Alvin – man driven – ROV’s – remotely operated – AUV – long term Ocean Floor Features 3 main types: – Continental Margins – Transition from land to ocean Continental Shelf – submerged surface/slightly sloping Continental Slope – marks the boundary between ocean/land crust Continental Rise – A gradual decline Ocean Floor Features Ocean Basin Floor – between two features – Deep – Ocean Trench – when two plates come together and one goes into the mantle. – Abyssal Plains – Flat deep features – Seamounts/Guyouts – submerged volcanic peaks. Flat tops formed by waves/plate movements. Ocean Floor Features Mid – Ocean Ridge: Center of most ocean basins – Seafloor Spreading – moving apart/new ocean floor created – Hydrothermal Vents – Mineral –rich water/super heated Resources from the Seafloor Energy Resources – – Oil/natural Gas – Gas hydrates – future energy needs?! Other Resources Sand/Gravel Manganese Nodules – Areas with many different metals Evaporative Salts Oceanography “The Composition of Seawater” Salinity (Salt) The total amount of solid material dissolved in water. – Most is Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Sources of Sea Salt Chemical Weathering of rocks Earth’s Interior – Mixtures are constant! Changing Salinity Decrease Salinity: – Precipitation, runoff, icebergs melting Increase Salinity: – Evaporation, sea ice forming Ocean Temperature Variation *varies with the amount of solar radiation (latitude) Thermocline – the layer of ocean with a rapid change of temperature with depth. – Creates a barrier