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Temperatures in the mountainous
Tibetan plateau 5 km above sea level
can reach minus six degrees at night,
so the government quickly arranged
to send five thousand tents and fifty
thousand blankets for the homeless
survivors.
The government allocated
$30 million for relief and mobilized
more than 5,000 soldiers, medical
workers and other rescue workers
to join with 700 troops already on
the ground.
TAIWAN: APRIL 26, 2010
M6.5 EARTHQUAKE AND
3- DAYS OF RAIN CREATE
CONDITIONS FOR
LANDSLIDES
APRIL 26, 2010
LANDSLIDE
LANDSLIDE
SEARCH AND RESCUE
INDONESIA’S TRIPLE DISASTER
STARTED WITH EARTHQUAKE
AND TSUNAMI ON OCTOER 25,
2010
October 25-27 – November 24,
2010
A M7.7 EARTHQUAKE, A 3 M-TSUNAMIWAVE RUN UP, AND A LONG
ERUPTION OF MOUNT MERAPI
CAUSED LOSSES IN THE TENS OF
MILLIONS, DISPLACED OVER 340,000,
KILLING NEARLY 1,000 , AND
POTENTIALLY AFFECTING THE
HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE FOR
THOUSANDS,
INDONESIA HAS MORE THAN
17,000 ISLANDS
Sandwiched between two active
earthquake belts, the Pacific
“Ring of fire,” and the Alpide
Belt, Indonesia experiences
some of the most powerful
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions on Earth.
Indonesia is home to 129 active
volcanoes, with the two most active
ones — Mount Kelut and Mount
Merapi — located on the island of
Java, which also contains the
Indonesian capital of Jakarta,
roughly 500 km (300 mi) northwest
of them.
INDONESIA’S 129 ACTVE VOLCANOES
(MOUNT MERAPI IS BOTTOM LEFT CENTER)
Monday and Tuesday: Oct 25-26
Indonesia endured two days of
environmental extremes after a
powerful earthquake, a tsunami,
and a volcanic eruption struck the
Java region of the Indonesian
archipelago.
CASUALTIES: 538 ON OCT 26, BUT
TOLL LIKELY TO RISE IN THE
FUTURE
The earthquake and tsunami run up
left at least 500 dead, and the initial
volcanic eruption left 38 dead, BUT,
health impacts associated with
Mount Merapi’s continuing eruption
may have long-term impacts.
THE M7.7 EARTHQUAKE
Early response was hindered
by twenty-two aftershocks
ranging from M5- 6.2
TECTONICS OF THE REGION
• The Australian and Eurasian
plates meet in Indonesia,
creating a tectonic setting
favorable for generating
earthquakes, tsunamis, and
volcanic eruptions.
TECTONICS OF THE REGION
(Continued)
• The Australian plate is moving
northward and being subducted
under the Eurasian plate in a
zone marked by a submarine
trench that can be traced from
the northern tip of Sumatra to
the Lesser Islands.
SUBDUCTION ZONE
SEISMICITY MARKS THE PLATE
BOUNDARIES
THE TSUNAMI
RESPONSE WAS EXACERBATED
BY REMOTENESS OF THE
ISLANDS
INDONESIA: LOCATION OF
HISTORICAL TSUNAMIS
The M7.7 earthquake generated a
near-source tsunami with 3 m (10 ft)
waves that struck within 5 minutes
after the quake---so quickly that the
regional tsunami warning system
that was improved after the
December 26, 2004 tsunami
disaster, was ineffective..
The tsunami, triggered by the
7.7-magnitude undersea quake, hit
the Mentawai Islands late Monday,
leaving thousands homeless,
killing at least 500 people, and
sweeping hundreds out to sea.
TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP IN
MENTAWAI ISLAND
MENTAWAI ISLAND: MANY
SWEPT OUT TO SEA
SEARCH AND RESCUE HINDERED
BY POOR COMMUNICATIONS
KNOWING WHERE, WHEN, AND
WHY A TSUNAMI OCCURS IS
A VITAL PART OF THE ART
AND SCIENCE OF INTELLIGENT
RISK REDUCTION.
Tsunamis Are Associated with
Subduction Zone Earthquakes
• M7 or larger earthquakes that
occur in oceanic subduction
zones can cause:
Tsunamis
A TSUNAMI WAVE CAN REACH
10 M OR MORE IN HEIGHT
TSUNAMI HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• HIGH-VELOCITY, LONG-PERIOD
WATER WAVES
• WAVE RUNUP
• FLOODING
• WAVE RETREAT
• SHORELINE EROSION
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF
INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE
RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE
RUNUP
TSUNAMIS
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF
BUILDINGS
FLOODING
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL
AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF
TSUNAMI
THE ART AND SCIENCE OF
KNOWING WHEN TO EVACUATE
BEFORE A TSUNAMI WAVE
ARRIVES AND WHERE TO GO
CAN BE THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH.
YOU CAN’T OUTRUN OR DIVERT
10-M-HIGH, DEBRIS-LADEN,
OCEAN WAVES THAT ARRIVE
WITH A HIGH VELOCITY (E.G.,
30 TO 300 KM/HR) AND MOVE
INLAND
FOR 2-3 KM, OR MORE
M6.5 EARTHQUAKE
STRIKES SOUTHEASTERN
IRAN
DECEMBER 21, 2010
The M6.5 earthquake, centered near
the location of the 2003 Bam quake in
southeastern Iran, killed at least 11,
damaged 1,800 homes, downed
phone lines, and triggered landslides.
Almost exactly seven years ago in the
same region, a M6.6 earthquake
struck the nearby city of Bam, killing
more than 25,000 people and
destroying a medieval castle that was
one of Iran's most treasured
archaeological sites.
M7.2 EARTHQUAKE
STRIKES VANUATU
TSUNAMI WARNING ISSUED, THEN
WITHDRAWN
DECEMBER 25, 2010
VANUATU