Download The Earth`s Changing Surface

Earth’s
Interior
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Crust
 Outermost
layer of solid rock that
includes both dry land and ocean
floor
 5-70 kilometers thick
 Two Types


Oceanic Crust - made of mostly
basalt- Thinnest Crust - 7 km avg
Continental Crust - made of mostly
granite- Thickets crust - 35 km avg
Mantle
 Made
of very hot, but solid rock
 About 3000 kilometers thick
 Moho - the boundary between the
mantle and the crust
 Lithosphere - crust & upper
mantle
 Asthenosphere - soft layer of
mantle, like road tar
 Lower mantle - solid, hot rock
The mantle exhibits
plasticity, where
molten rock bends
and flows
Convections
currents exist in
the mantle.
Cooler, denser mantle
material sinks
toward the core and
warmer, less dense
mantle material rises
toward the crust.
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Outer Core
Molten,
liquid metal
Inner Core
Dense
metal
ball of solid
STRESS
As rocks undergo STRESS,
the DEFORM
Stress
- the forces that
push and pull on the
Earth’s crust
Deformation - an change
in the original shape or
volume of rocks
Types of Stresses
Compression
- type of stress
that squeezes rocks together
Tension - type of stress that
pulls rocks apart
Shearing - type of stress that
pushes rocks in two opposite
horizontal directions
STRESS can cause rocks to
FRACTURE
Fracture
- break or
crack in rocks
STRESS can also cause
FAULTS
FAULT
- a break or
crack along which
rocks move
Faults
Hanging
Wall - the block of
rock above a fault. Longer at
the top
Foot
Wall - the block of rock
below a fault. Longer at the
bottom
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Types of Faults
 Normal
Fault - a fault in which the hanging
wall moves down relative to the foot wall
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 Reverse
Fault - a fault in which the foot wall
moves down relative to the hanging wall
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
Example - Thrust Fault - a reverse fault
in which the hanging wall slides over the
foot wall
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 Lateral
(Strike slip) fault - a fault
along which the rocks move
horizontally past each other
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Fault block mountain
A mountain
formed by
blocks of rocks uplifted
from normal faults
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Rift Valley
A valley
formed when the
block of land between
two normal faults slides
downward.
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STRESS can also cause
FOLDING
FOLD
- a bend in rock
Types of Folds
Anticline
- an upward fold in
rocks
Syncline
in rocks
- an downward fold
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The 4 factors that determine
whether a rock will fault or
fold:
Temperature
Pressure
Rock
type
How the stress is applied
Geographic Features
Plateau
- a large area
of flat land that is
raised high above sea
level and consists of
horizontal rock layers
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Domes
- a raised area
shaped like the top of
a sphere often formed
by magma pushing
rock layers upward.
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