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Earth and Moon Our home and our nearest neighbor 4A Earth-Moon System • Distance from the earth to the moon: – 384,000 km – Less than the radius of the Sun (696,000 km) 4A Tides Synchronous rotation 4A The Earth’s Interior 4A How do we know what the Earth looks like inside? • Seismology 4A Differentiation and Heat • A differentiated planet is not the same all the way through. A homogeneous planet is the same. • Heating a planet allows movement. • Heavier materials sink to the inside and lighter materials rise. Sources of Heat 4A The Earth’s Surface • 70% water, 30% rock • Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust 4A Rocks • Rocks are made of minerals • Types of rocks: – Igneous rocks are those that have formed from a molten state (volcano made) – Sedimentary rocks are composed of fragments of other rocks that are cemented together (water made) – Metamorphic rocks are produced from either igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been buried and modified by high temperatures and pressures 4A Why does the earth look like this? Processes that alter the surface of the earth: • Endogenic – Forces that act from inside the earth: • Volcanic • Erosional • Tectonic – These forces can make rocks • Exogenic – Forces that act from outside the earth: • Cratering 4A Tectonics Any movement of the earth – – – – Folding Fracturing Earthquakes Plate tectonics 4A Plate Tectonics 4A Volcanoes Spreading centers 4A Volcanoes Converging plate margins 4A Volcanoes - Hotspots 4A Volcanoes 4A Erosion 4A Atmosphere 4A Atmosphere 4A Terrestrial greenhouse effect 4A Magnetosphere 4A Moon - Interior 4A Moon - Surface Lunar rocks are mostly igneous 4A Lunar surface features 4A Origin of the moon • Current theory – planetesimal hits protoplanetary earth 4A Lunar exploration 4A