Download Aim: What are features of the external & internal parts of the earth?

Aim: What are features of the external &
internal parts of the earth?
Do Now: 1. What is the shape of
the Earth?
2. What do you know about
the outside & inside of the
earth?
Homework:
How is the Earth The Earth is a flattened
sphere, or
Shaped?
A slightly oblate spheroid
This means that the North & South poles
are slightly flattened & the middle (equator)
bulge slightly
What would
make a sailing
ship appear to
sink as it
sails away from
an onlooker?
What are the 3
areas
surrounding the
Earth?
1. The Lithosphere,
2. Hydrosphere, &
3. Atmosphere
The Lithosphere:
 the solid part of the earth or layer of
bedrock that forms a nearly continuous
shell around the earth
(includes the crust & upper mantle)
 extends under the oceans &
makes up the continents
The Hydrosphere:
 includes all of the earth’s salt water
(97% of all the earth’s water) &
 fresh water (found in rivers, lakes,
streams, glaciers)
The Atmosphere:
The envelope of gases that surround the
earth, which serve to:
1. Protect living things from harmful
ultraviolet rays (ozone layer)
2. Provide nitrogen (78%) & oxygen
(20%) to the environment (2% water
vapor, carbon dioxide & trace gases)
What is inside the 1. The Crust
Earth?
2. Mantle, &
3. Core
How have
By analysis of earthquake
scientists come to (seismic) wave data
this conclusion? a.k.a. vibrational
disturbances
The Crust:
• The solid, outer layer of the earth
• Forms the upper part of the lithosphere
• Compared to the whole earth, it’s very
thin
The Mantle:
• Between the crust & core
• Makes up more than 2/3rds of the earth’s
mass
• 2 parts:
1. Upper = solid rock
(lithosphere)
2. Lower = liquid
The Core:
• Inner layer = thickest layer made up
mostly of iron
• 2 parts: outer = liquid
&
inner = a solid ball
Aim: What are properties of minerals?
Do Now: What are the parts of the
inside of the earth?
Homework: Handout
What are
Minerals?
1) Natural solid formed
from elements and
compounds in the crust
2) All are inorganic: formed
from non-living things
What is the 1) Element: a substance made up
of only one kind of atom
difference
ex) Aluminum, Iron, Silver
between an
element & a 2) Compound: a substance made
up of 2 or more elements that
compound?
are chemically combined (in
definite proportion)
ex) Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Water (H2O)
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Examples of minerals
1)
2)
3)
4)
Gold = Au
5) Calcite = CaCO3
Silver = Ag
6) Halite = NaCl
Copper = Cu
7) Galena = PbS
Quartz = SiO2
8) Pyrite = FeS2
Which are examples of elements &
which are examples of compounds?
Rock Forming Minerals
1) There are more than 2,000 minerals
2) 20 are found in the earth’s crust
3) These are called rock forming minerals
What are
Physical
Properties?
1) Observable properties
(can be measured)
2) Ex) Color, size, shape,
(Streak, Luster, Hardness)
3) Used to help identify
minerals
Color and Streak
1) Most minerals can not be identified by
color alone
2) Streak can be found by rubbing the
mineral across a piece of ceramic tile
3) The color or powder that is left behind
is call the streak
ex) Chalk = calcite
Luster
1) The way a mineral reflects light
from its surface
2) Either metallic or non-metallic
ex) Glassy, dull, or shiny
Hardness
1) The ability to resist being scratched
2) The Mohs Scale- 10 minerals (1-10)
3) A high number can scratch a mineral
with a low number
ex) Diamond = the hardest Mineral
What # is a diamond on Mohs
Scale & what can it scratch?
Emeralds,
Rubies &
Sapphires are
Valuable due
To their color
& hardness.
Where would
They be located
On Mohs scale?
Aim: What are other properties of
minerals? (continued…)
Do Now: What is streak?
Homework: Study for quiz.
1) Density
What are
other
2) Magnetism
properties of 3) The Acid Test
minerals?
4) Crystals
5) Fracture & Cleavage
Why can
density be used
to identify
minerals?
Every mineral has its
own density
Ex) Aluminum: 2.7 g/cc
Gold: 19.3 g/cc
Silver: 10.5 g/cc
What is
magnetism?
The natural force that
occurs when objects made
out of iron are attracted by
a magnet
1) A mineral containing iron
What is
magnetite? 2) May act as a magnet
3) The only common mineral
that has magnetism
What is the  Weak Hydrochloric Acid
is put on a mineral
acid test?
 If it fizzes, it tests positive
for calcium carbonate
(CaCO3)
Ex) Calcite, Dolomite,
Malachite
1)
What are
crystals & how
can they be
seen?
A solid formed by a
repeating, 3-D pattern of
atoms & having fixed
distances between parts.
2) Scientists use x-rays to
study the pattern that
forms the specific shape
What is the
difference
between
cleavage &
fracture?
1) Cleavage: splitting of a
mineral into pieces with
smooth, flat surfaces
ex) step or cube-like
2) Fracture: splits minerals
into pieces with uneven
surfaces
Fracture
Aim: What are 3 classes of rocks?
Do Now: Take out a piece of loose-leaf
& prepare for quiz.
Homework: Study for quiz.
1. A physical property of minerals to resist
being scratched is known as _________.
2. What property of minerals is shown in
the picture below?
3. The ability of a
mineral to reflect
light is known as
__________.
4. What is the physical
property of a mineral
when it is split into
pieces with smooth,
flat surfaces?
5. What test is used to test for the presence
of calcium carbonate in a mineral?
What are rocks
made of?
One or more minerals
How are rocks
classified?
Rocks are grouped
according to the way
they are formed.
What are 3
classes of rocks?
Igneous, Sedimentary,
& Metamorphic
How do
igneous rocks
form?
Where is
molten rock
found?
When melted minerals
(molten rock) cool &
harden
Magma: molten rock
inside the earth (mantle)
Lava: magma that reaches
the earth’s surface through
cracks in the crust
What causes
some igneous
rock to have
crystals?
If it takes a long time for
the molten rock to cool it
will have large crystals.
(Coarse texture)
If the molten rock cools
very quickly, no crystals
will form (glassy texture)
•Which rock took a
short time to cool?
•Where did it come from
magma or lava?
How are
1. Pieces of minerals, rocks,
& remains of living things
sedimentary
settle to the bottom of
rocks formed?
water
(the ocean, lakes, rivers)
2. Pressure squeezes out
water & air… &
3. Evaporation cements
minerals together causing
the sediment to harden.
Where are the
oldest fossils
located? Why?
Sedimentary Rock
is the only rock
that contains
fossils.
Where are the
simplest fossils
located? Why?
Sedimentary Rock
Limestone
Coquina: Sedimentary Rock from cemented shells
(Organic in origin
because it came from
organisms that
were once living)
White Cliffs of
Dover, England
Made from the
Shells of Forams
Over 100 million
Years old
How are
 When existing rocks are
metamorphic
slowly changed by heat
rocks formed?
& pressure
 The minerals go through
a chemical change (at
temps. between 100 &
800ºC)
How does
pressure
change
minerals?
 Pressure (force on an
object) flattens out
minerals into bands
(foliated)
 Extreme pressure in the
earth’s crust can cause
rock layers to bend or fold
(looks likes waves in rock)
Limestone
Unfoliated
Marble
Aim: Lab - How can we interpret the
rock cycle?
Do Now: Take out homework handout.
Homework: Complete lab
Heat &
Pressure
Metamorphic
Rock
Sedimentary Pressure &
Cementing
Rock
Weathering &
Erosion
Melting
Weathering &
Erosion
Heat &
Pressure
Melting
Magma
Sediment
Weathering &
Erosion
Igneous
Rock
Melting
Cooling &
Hardening
What is the
rock cycle?
The series of natural
processes by which rocks
are slowly changed from one
kind of rock to another
What are some  Heat & pressure
natural
inside the earth
processes?
 Erosion from rain,
ice, wind
Aim: What are fossils?
Do Now: Take out lab.
Homework:
1. What are all rocks made from?
2. What type of rock is shown in the pictures?
3. What class of rock is made from heat
&/or pressure?
4. What class of rock contains fossils?
5. What class of rock is made when molten
minerals cool & harden?
What are
fossils?
The remains or traces of organisms
that lived long ago
Examples:
 Molds, Casts, Imprints (footprints,
animals, leaves…)
 Organisms preserved in amber, ice,
or tar
 Most fossils are found in
Sedimentary Rock
Flying Ant in amber
Picture taken with a
Microscope
About 35 million yrs old
Why do
scientist
study
fossils?
Fossils give clues to the past:
 They can be used to study past
climates & environments
2. They give evidence of evolution of
organisms
(from simple to complex) &
3. Fossils are evidence that a great
variety of species existed in the past
(& are now extinct)
How can
Scientists can investigate & find:
scientists
1. The relative age or
determine
2. The absolute age
the age of a
fossil?
What is the difference between the relative
& the absolute age of a fossil?
Relative Age:
compares the age
of one object to
another according
to the layer (of
sedimentary rock)
in which it was
found
Absolute Age:
uses radioactive
dating to get the
specific age of a rock
or fossil
Relative dating
can determine
the order in
which a series of
events occurred,
not when they
occurred
How does radioactive dating work?
1. The nucleus of a radioactive atom (element) is
unstable & breaks down (decays) at a fixed rate
into another stable element.
Example: It takes 5800 years for Carbon-14 to
Decay into Nitrogen-14 (Carbon Dating)
2. Since scientists know how long it takes for half
of the radioactive element to decay into the new
element (half-life) they can compare the 2
elements & determine the age of the fossil.
How old is:
1.
2.
3.
5,800 yrs. 11,600 yrs. 17,400 yrs.
old
old
old
Aim: What causes weathering?
Do Now: 1. What are fossils?
2. Where are fossils found?
Homework: Study for quiz
Big 8 Review Book pgs 83-90
Due Friday
What is
weathering?
The breaking down
of rocks & other
materials on the
earth’s surface
What are 2 types of weathering?
1. Mechanical: (Physical change)
occurs when sizes & shapes of rocks are
changed
2. Chemical: occurs when the chemical
makeup of rocks change
(they break down into other substances)
Physical Weathering
What are 3
ways
mechanical
weathering
can occur?
1. Temperature
2. Ice Wedging (Frost Action)
3. Root Action
How can
1. Heat: causes expansion
temperature 2. Cooling: causes contraction
affect
weathering? Repeating this cycle can cause
the surface of rocks to break
apart.
What is the 1. Frost Action (Ice Wedging)
difference
 Caused by repeated freezing &
between
melting of water
Frost Action  Water expands when it freezes
(making cracks wider)
&
Root Action?
2. Root Action
 Growing roots can cause
pressure & make cracks in
sidewalks.
Over a lot of time
Bedrock (Parent
material of soil)
becomes soil by
mechanical &
chemical weathering
What are
chemical
changes?
What can
cause
chemical
weathering?
Changes that produce new
substances with different
properties
Substances that can break
down minerals in rocks
causing them to crumble
such as:
Oxygen, Water & Acids
How does
Oxidation:
oxygen
A chemical change that takes
contribute to
place when oxygen combines
chemical
with another substance
weathering? Oxides form as a result
 Example: Rust = iron oxide
Fe2O3
 This can cause rock to weaken,
crumble &/or break apart
How does
Hydrolysis:
water
 Water is added and the
chemical bonds that hold
contribute to
minerals together split apart
chemical
weathering?  Most chemical weathering is
caused by water
 Also, water can carry away
minerals that hold rocks
together (erosion)
How do acids
contribute to
chemical
weathering?
Acids break down minerals in rocks
Examples:
1. Carbonic acid is formed
when carbon dioxide dissolves
in water (carbonation)
2. Plant roots produce acids that
can break down rock.
Chemical Weathering
In Egypt
In New York
Cleopatra’s Needle
Chemical Weathering
1. Caverns: a series of connected
How does
caves that form underground
carbonic acid
affect
2. Sinkholes: holes in the ground
limestone?
formed when a cavern roof
collapses when water empties
out of a cavern
3. Natural Bridges: form when
part of a cavern roof collapses
This is known as Karst Topography
Aim: What factors affect the rate of
weathering?
Do Now: Compare the 2 types of
weathering to each other.
Homework: Study for quiz (Thurs)
Big 8 Review Book pgs 83-90
Due Friday
What factors
affect the rate
of weathering?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Climate
Surface Area
Rock Composition
Acid Rain
How does
climate
affect the
rate of
weathering?
Climate depends upon 2 factors:
1. The amount of water in the air
&
2. The temperature of the area
 Water allows for chemical
reactions to occur &
 As temperature increases the rate
of chemical reactions increase
Therefore: 1. The more water, the faster
weathering occurs
2. As temperature increases, the
faster weathering occurs
Conclusion:
chemical weathering occurs most
rapidly in moist, warm climates
& slowest in dry, cold climates
How does
1. Surface area is the exposed
surface area
surface of an object compared to
affect the
the object’s volume
rate of
2. The more surfaces exposed, the
weathering?
faster a rock will weather
Therefore:
smaller rocks will weather faster
than larger rocks
Example:
Sugar granules take less time
to dissolve than a sugar cube
because the granules have
more surface area (exposed to
the outside)
How does rock
composition
affect the rate
at which rock
weathers?

Rocks weather at different
rates depending on the
types of minerals that hold
it together.
Some minerals dissolve
faster than others.
How does acid
rain affect
weathering?
1. Acid rain is caused when
pollution from factories &
cars releases gases into the air
2. Nitric & Sulfuric Acids are
produced when gases mix
with rainwater
3. Chemical weathering will
now occur at a faster rate
Aim: What are agents of erosion?
Do Now: What factors affect the rate of
weathering?
Homework: Study for quiz. (Tomorrow)
Big 8 Review Book pgs 83-90
Due Friday
What are 5
agents of
erosion?
What is
erosion?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gravity
Wind
Running Water
Glaciers
Waves
The process by which
weathered material is moved
from one place to another
How is erosion
caused by
gravity?
The force of gravity pulls
materials from higher to
lower levels
Examples:
Landslides & mudslides
can result when rocks or
mud suddenly move
down an elevated area
Slumping
La Conchita, California-a
small seaside community
along Highway 101 north
of Santa Barbara.
This landslide and debris
flow occurred in the
spring of
1995.
Earthflow
Earthflow
Mill Creek, CA
How does wind Wind has energy & can
cause erosion? carry away loose
particles like sand & dust
from the earth’s surface
Wind Abrasion
1. It dissolves minerals &
How does
then carries away soil
running water
particles
cause erosion?
2. It’s the MAJOR agent of
erosion
3. Plant roots can prevent
erosion because they hold
soil in place
How do glaciers 1. Gravity can move glaciers
down an elevation
cause erosion?
2. Rock & gravel frozen into
the bottom of the glacier
scrape away at the bedrock
below
3. This can form landforms
such as boulders & lakes
Glaciers carried
Boulders to Central
Park in NYC
How do waves  The force of a wave can
cause erosion?
break up rock into small
pieces (this is called
weathering)
 Sand & rock particles are
carried away by waves (this
is erosion)
What is
deposition?
The process by which
weathered materials carried
by erosion are dropped in
new places
This creates sand dunes,
sand bars…
Aim:
1. Take & go over quiz
2. Review – What do you know about
Minerals/Rocks/Weathering/Erosion?
Do Now: Prepare for quiz
Homework: Study for tomorrow’s exam on: Parts
of the Earth/minerals/rocks/weathering/
& erosion
1. What do you call the breaking down of
rocks & other materials at the earth’s
surface?
2. What type of weathering occurs when
the size & shape of rocks change?
3. What type of weathering occurs when
water repeatedly freezes & melts
creating cracks within rocks?
4. What is the cause of most chemical
weathering?
5. In what type of climate will most
(chemical) weathering occur?
6. Which will weather faster
Sample A
or
Sample B? Why?
7. What type of
physical
weathering is
occurring in this
picture:
8. Large boulders found in Central Park, the
formation of certain lakes, & the formation of
Long Island were all formed from the movement
of _______________.
9. What is the process by which weathered
material is moved to a different
location?
10. What is the primary
force that is responsible
for moving materials
from the top of a
mountain to the bottom
of the mountain?
Review – Rocks/Minerals/Weathering/Erosion
1. Shape of the
Earth
1. Slight oblate
spheroid
2. Mostly round
(slightly bulging at
the equator &
flattened at the
poles)
3. Curved surface
2. Earth’s Spheres
1. Atmosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Lithosphere
3. Earth’s Layers
Core, Mantle, Crust
4. Density
Anything most
dense will _____.
4. Three Classes of
rock
1. Igneous
(cooling/crystals)
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic
5. All made from:
Minerals
6. Classified
according to:
FORMATION
7. Rock Cycle
8. Difference
between an
element,
compound, &
mineral
9. Difference
between Molten
rock (melted
minerals) & lava
10. Fossil
11. Testing
(Identifying)
minerals (streak,
hardness (Mohs
scale),
cleavage/fracture
luster)
12. Weathering
(Physical &
Chemical)
13.Soil formation:
a) Due to weathering of
bedrock (parent
material of soil) &
biological activity
b) Soil Horizons =
soil layers
c) Humus- formed by
the decay of plant &
animal matter
14. Acid Rain (Sulfuric
& Nitric Acids)
15. Erosion(Gravity, Glaciers,
Water…)
16. Deposition
Study
Hard!!!
The Rock Cycle
Regents Prep Earth Science
Aim:
Exam: What do you know about the
parts of the Earth/minerals/rocks/
weathering/erosion?
Do Now: Take out pencil, put up binders &
prepare for exam
Homework: