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Transcript
Density: The amount of matter per unit of size EXAMPLE: There is a block of dogwood and a block of bamboo in the water below. The dogwood has a density of .75 g/cm³ and the density of bamboo is .30 g/cm³. Draw a picture of this. Bamboo To calculate density of a substance: Mass (g) Dogwood Volume (cm³) 75% below water line 30% below water line If the density of an object in a substance is greater than the substance’s own density, it will sink. HOWEVER, if it is less than the substance’s density, it’s density multiplied by 100 will be the percentage of that object which will be under the water line. Density of water= 1 g/cm³ .75 g/cm³ × 100 = 75% under water line .30 g/cm³ × 100 = 30% under water line The volume of the water displaced is equal to the volume of the floating object UNDER the water line The mass of the water displaced is equal to the mass of the entire object Isostasy: The equilibrium of the Earth’s crusts Cross-section of the Earth The Earth’s Crusts Oceanic: Made up of Basalt (denser than continental at 2.9 g/cm³) Mantle Continental: Made up of Granite (less dense than oceanic at 2.75 g/cm³) Inner-core Lithosphere Outer-core ≈ 100 km thick Crust Crust Asthenosphere Mantle ≈ 700 km thick Composition of the Layers of the Earth: CRUST – solid / rock material MANTLE – solid / rock material OUTER CORE – liquid / metal INNER CORE – solid / metal The Asthenosphere is called a “Flowable Solid” and has a consistency close to Silly Putty™, it is the top of the mantle upon the crust floats. Geography 1: Rocks and Minerals Igneous Metamorphic Formed from cooled lava above and below the earth’s surface. Formed under high heat and pressure. Sedimentary Formed between layers of earth and often under bodies of water. Classifying Igneous Rocks: Geological Term Felsic Intermediate Mafic Coarsegrained Texture: Intrusive Granite Diorite Gabbro Finegrained Texture: Extrusive Rhyolite Andesite Basalt Chemical Comp. High Silica Intermediate Silica Low Silica Geography 2: Volcanism, Lahars Tylerville Taylordale Mt. Top Tinytown Timberland The map shows the location of “Mt. Top” and towns (marked by white dots) in the surrounding foothills. The squiggly lines show the rivers that flow from the mountain. In which town will the potential hazard for a lahar be greatest? -The town of Timberland (two rivers meet) followed by Tinytown (proximity). LOCATING ASH SOURCES: 1 – Large particles of ash and rock 2 – Fine / dust-like particles of ash 3 – Grainy / sand-like ash 2 1 3 Geography 3: Plate Tectonics Dr. Alfred Wegener discovered what about Earth’s plates? • At one time, all the continents fit together and formed a supercontinent (Pangaea) and through the three types of plate movement, they separated into the continents we know today. The process is slow but they continue moving today. • The Juan de Fuca plate and the North American plate formed the Cascades in the subduction process. Likely spot for volcano Continental Lithosphere SUBDUCTION ZONE Magma Rising THE THREE TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES: Convergent Transform Divergent Geography 4: Earthquakes Earthquakes are generated at ALL of the three plate boundaries. But Volcanoes are NOT generated at all three. Minus Hawaii and Alaska, which of the 48 states experiences the most earthquake activity? Epicenter -California If you wanted to draw the boundaries of active tectonic plates on the Globe which would give you the most complete information? A. a map showing the distribution of hot spots B. a map showing active volcanoes C. a map showing the edges of continents D. a map showing earthquake distribution Hypocenter / Focus The Seasons: The Earth revolves about the sun once every year and rotates on its axis once every 24 hours. Spring Equinox Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Equinox- EQUAL amounts of direct sunlight in Northern and Southern hemisphere Fall/Autumn Equinox Solstice- when one hemisphere experiences THE most direct sunlight it will in one year/revolution The Earth’s axis is about 23.5° from the perpendicular to the Plane of the Ecliptic. Plane of the Ecliptic Seasons reference the amount of direct sunlight the Northern Hemisphere is receiving. As the Earth revolves around the sun, the Northern Hemisphere receives more direct sunlight with the North pole/axis is angled toward the sun. This is called Summer. Geography 3: Phases and Eclipses Third Quarter New Moon Full Moon penumbra umbra Celestial Sphere Zenith Lunar Eclipse: Moon must be at the Full Moon phase umbra First Quarter E S N W penumbra Solar Eclipse: Moon must be at the New Moon phase Spring/Autumn Equniox Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Heat and Temperature: Conversion & Change Heat: The transfer of thermal energy Temperature: The measure of thermal energy CONVERSION: y=mx+b 1. Find the slope (m): y2-y1 x2-x1 2. Find the y intercept (b): insert a known x and y temp and solve for b. 3. Enter temperature given in question for x. 4. y will be your converted temperature. TO ESTIMATE FINAL TEMPERATURE OF MIXED WATER: [(Mass) × (Starting Temp)] + [(Mass) × (Starting Temp)] Total Mass TO ESTIMATE FINAL TEMPERATURE OF METAL and WATER: [(Mass) × (Starting Temp) × (Specific Heat)] + [(Mass) × (Starting Temp) × (Specific Heat)] [(Mass) × (Specific Heat)] + [(Mass) × (Specific Heat)] CHANGE Heat = (Specific Heat)×(Mass)×(Change in Temperature) (cal) (cal/g°C) H= (s)(m)( (g) (°C) T) Heat lost = Heat gained