Download Geography 1

Density: The amount of matter per unit of size
EXAMPLE:
There is a block of dogwood and a block of bamboo in the
water below. The dogwood has a density of .75 g/cm³ and
the density of bamboo is .30 g/cm³. Draw a picture of this.
Bamboo
To calculate density of a substance:
Mass (g)
Dogwood
Volume (cm³)
75%
below
water
line
30%
below
water
line
If the density of an object in a substance is
greater than the substance’s own density, it will
sink.
HOWEVER, if it is less than the substance’s
density, it’s density multiplied by 100 will be the
percentage of that object which will be under the
water line.
Density of
water= 1 g/cm³
.75 g/cm³ × 100 = 75% under water line
.30 g/cm³ × 100 = 30% under water line
The volume of the water displaced is equal to
the volume of the floating object UNDER the
water line
The mass of the water displaced is equal to the
mass of the entire object
Isostasy: The equilibrium of the Earth’s crusts
Cross-section of the Earth
The Earth’s Crusts
Oceanic: Made up of Basalt (denser than continental at 2.9 g/cm³)
Mantle
Continental: Made up of Granite (less dense than oceanic at 2.75 g/cm³)
Inner-core
Lithosphere
Outer-core
≈ 100 km thick
Crust
Crust
Asthenosphere
Mantle
≈ 700 km thick
Composition of the Layers of the
Earth:
CRUST – solid / rock material
MANTLE – solid / rock material
OUTER CORE – liquid / metal
INNER CORE – solid / metal
The Asthenosphere is called a “Flowable
Solid” and has a consistency close to Silly
Putty™, it is the top of the mantle upon the
crust floats.
Geography 1: Rocks and Minerals
Igneous
Metamorphic
Formed from cooled lava
above and below the
earth’s surface.
Formed under high heat
and pressure.
Sedimentary
Formed between layers
of earth and often under
bodies of water.
Classifying Igneous Rocks:
Geological Term
Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic
Coarsegrained
Texture: Intrusive
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
Finegrained
Texture:
Extrusive
Rhyolite
Andesite
Basalt
Chemical Comp.
High Silica
Intermediate
Silica
Low Silica
Geography 2: Volcanism, Lahars
Tylerville
Taylordale
Mt. Top
Tinytown
Timberland
The map shows the location of “Mt.
Top” and towns (marked by white
dots) in the surrounding foothills.
The squiggly lines show the rivers
that flow from the mountain. In
which town will the potential hazard
for a lahar be greatest?
-The town of Timberland (two rivers
meet) followed by Tinytown (proximity).
LOCATING ASH SOURCES:
1 – Large particles of ash and rock
2 – Fine / dust-like particles of ash
3 – Grainy / sand-like ash
2
1
3
Geography 3: Plate Tectonics
Dr. Alfred Wegener discovered what
about Earth’s plates?
• At one time, all the continents fit together and formed a
supercontinent (Pangaea) and through the three types of
plate movement, they separated into the continents we
know today. The process is slow but they continue moving
today.
• The Juan de Fuca plate and the North
American plate formed the Cascades in the
subduction process.
Likely spot for volcano
Continental Lithosphere
SUBDUCTION ZONE
Magma
Rising
THE THREE TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES:
Convergent
Transform
Divergent
Geography 4: Earthquakes
Earthquakes are generated at ALL
of the three plate boundaries. But
Volcanoes are NOT generated at
all three.
Minus Hawaii and Alaska, which of
the 48 states experiences the most
earthquake activity?
Epicenter
-California
If you wanted to draw the
boundaries of active tectonic
plates on the Globe which would
give you the most complete
information?
A.
a map showing the distribution of hot spots
B.
a map showing active volcanoes
C.
a map showing the edges of continents
D.
a map showing earthquake distribution
Hypocenter / Focus
The Seasons:
The Earth revolves about the sun once every
year and rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.
Spring Equinox
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Equinox- EQUAL amounts of direct sunlight in Northern and
Southern hemisphere
Fall/Autumn Equinox
Solstice- when one hemisphere experiences THE most direct
sunlight it will in one year/revolution
The Earth’s axis is about 23.5° from the
perpendicular to the Plane of the Ecliptic.
Plane of the Ecliptic
Seasons reference the amount of direct sunlight the Northern Hemisphere is receiving. As the Earth
revolves around the sun, the Northern Hemisphere receives more direct sunlight with the North
pole/axis is angled toward the sun. This is called Summer.
Geography 3: Phases and Eclipses
Third Quarter
New Moon
Full Moon
penumbra
umbra
Celestial Sphere
Zenith
Lunar Eclipse: Moon must be at the Full Moon phase
umbra
First Quarter
E
S
N
W
penumbra
Solar Eclipse: Moon must be at the New Moon phase
Spring/Autumn Equniox
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Heat and Temperature: Conversion & Change
Heat: The transfer of thermal energy
Temperature: The measure of thermal energy
CONVERSION:
y=mx+b
1. Find the slope (m): y2-y1
x2-x1
2. Find the y intercept (b): insert a known x and y temp and solve for b.
3. Enter temperature given in question for x.
4. y will be your converted temperature.
TO ESTIMATE FINAL TEMPERATURE OF MIXED WATER:
[(Mass) × (Starting Temp)] + [(Mass) × (Starting Temp)]
Total Mass
TO ESTIMATE FINAL TEMPERATURE OF METAL and WATER:
[(Mass) × (Starting Temp) × (Specific Heat)] + [(Mass) × (Starting Temp) × (Specific Heat)]
[(Mass) × (Specific Heat)] + [(Mass) × (Specific Heat)]
CHANGE
Heat = (Specific Heat)×(Mass)×(Change in Temperature)
(cal)
(cal/g°C)
H= (s)(m)(
(g)
(°C)
T)
Heat lost = Heat gained