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TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • MACROEVOLUTION – THE MAJOR CHANGES IN THE HISTORY OF LIFE – THE FOSSIL RECORD CHRONICLES (PROVIDES A TIMELINE) FOR THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE – GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE • PROVIDES A SEQUENCE OF FOSSILS AND AN OVERVIEW OF MACROEVOLUTION OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • THE ACTUAL AGES OF ROCKS AND FOSSILS MARK GEOLOGIC TIME – RADIOMETRIC DATING • BASED ON THE MEASUREMENT OF CERTAIN RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES • EXAMPLE??? TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • CONTINENTAL DRIFT HAS PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN MACROEVOLUTION – “PANGEA” UNTIL PRESENT – EXPLAINS THE DISTRIBUTION ACROSS GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIERS TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • PLATE TECTONICS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN MACROEVOLUTION – FORCES WITHIN THE EARTH THAT FORCE THE MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S CRUST – CAN RESULT IN VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES, WHICH CAN LEAD TO MASS EXTINCTIONS – MASS EXTINCTIONS ARE ALMOST ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY HUGE DIVERSIFICATION OF LIFE-FORMS – EXAPTATIONS • REFERS TO A STRUCTURE THAT EVOLVED FOR ONE CONTEXT, BUT LATER WAS ADAPTED TO ANOTHER FUNCTION (SUCH ADAPTATIONS ARE KEY FOR DIVERSIFICATION AFTER MASS EXTINCTIONS) TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • PHYLOGENETIC TREES STRIVE TO REPRESENT EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • PHYLOGENY EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A GROUP OF ORGANIMS • PHYLOGENETIC TREES DIAGRAMS THAT TRACE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AS BEST AS CAN BE DETERMINED – BASED ON PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC SIMILARITIES!! TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • CLASSIFICATION, OR TAXONOMY, IS BASED ON PHYLOGENY – BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE IS THE RESULT OF PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • PHYLOGENETIC TREES ARE BASED ON PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC SIMILARITY – PHENOTYPIC SIMILARITY • HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES VS ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES – CONVERGENT EVOLUTION VS DIVERGENT EVOLUTION TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • PHYLOGENETIC TREES ARE BASED ON PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC SIMILARITY – GENETIC SIMILARITY IS BASED ON AMINO ACID, DNA, AND RNA SEQUENCES – MORE SIMILAR SEQUENCES SUGGEST MORE COMMON ANCENSTRY TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • PHYLOGENETIC TREES ARE BASED ON PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC SIMILARITY – ***MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IS USED FOR ORGANISMS BELIEVED TO BE MORE RECENTLY RELATED*** – IN ADDITION, THERE IS BELIEVED TO BE A “MOLECULAR CLOCK” • A RELATIVELY CONSTANT RATE OF GENETIC CHANGE, THAT SUGGESTS A TIMELINE OF EVOLUTION TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • CLADOGRAMS VS PHYLOGENETIC TREES – CLADOGRAM A PHYLOGENETIC TREE BASED ON CLADISTICS – CLADES EVOLUTIONARY BRANCES THAT CONSIST OF AN ANCESTRAL SPECIES AND ALL OF ITS DESCENDANTS TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • CLADOGRAM OF ALL LIFE!! – IT’S A WORK IN PROGRESS! – 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM – WHAT ABOUT THE 5 KINGDOM SYSTEM?? TRACING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY • YOU KNOW, ALL THIS TALK ABOUT ORGANISMS CHANGING IS ALL WELL, AND GOOD…BUT UUMM, WHERE DID THE VERY FIRST LIVING THING COME FROM? I MEAN, DID IT JUST FALL OUT OF THE SKY? HOW CAN YOU HAVE EVOLUTION WITHOUT LIFE TO BEGIN WITH? NEXT CHAPTER THE ORIGIN OF LIFE!!!