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STAAR Review
Category 3-Earth & Space
Students demonstrate an understanding of
components, cycles, patterns, and natural
events of Earth and space systems.
Plate Tectonics History
1st: Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift—
continents move slowly from Pangaea to
present
2nd: Sea Floor Spreading—magma wells up
forcing the sea floor apart & forming
mid-ocean ridge (convection currents)
3rd: Theory of Plate Tectonics—Earth’s crust
is broken into parts called plates that
move or “float” on top of the mantle
8.9A
Sea Floor Spreading
8.9A
Sea Floor Spreading Evidence…
 Rocks close to mid-ocean
ridge are very young
age of rocks continues
to increase the further
away from the ridge
 Iron bearing minerals
record Earth’s magnetic field
reversing
these rocks show same
field direction equal
distance either side of
the mid ocean ridge
8.9A
Continental Plates
Divergent Plate
Convergent
Transform
Boundary
Boundary
Boundary
Trench-formed where
Sea Floor Spreading
one plate subducts
under another
Subduction Zone
8.9B
Plate Tectonics
Rift Valley
8.9B
• long, deep valley
bound by normal faults
• forms where Earth’s
crust being pulled
apart
• can appear on land or
beneath bodies of
water, where two
plates are separating
• on ocean floor
between mid-ocean
ridges, where new
ocean crust is forming.
1. Explain the history leading up to
the Theory of Plate Tectonics.
2. Describe how plate movements
create crustal landforms.
Topographic Maps
• Show elevation
• Uses contour lines
• Can be used to identify landforms
Satellite
View
Earth’s Rotation
rotates (spins) on
its axis
rotates counterclockwise
takes ~24 hrs per
rotation
gives us day &
night.
8.7A
Earth’s Revolution
 orbits around the sun
 takes 365.25 days
 axis tilt and revolution causes seasons
8.7A
The Moon
• Rotates on its axis once
every 29.5 days
• Revolves around the
Earth once every 29.5
days
• Therefore, we always see
the same side of the
moon
• Moon revolves
counterclockwise
8.7B
Moon Phases
New Moon = no
reflected light
• We see the moon because it
reflects light from the sun
Full Moon = full • phases caused by moon’s
circle of reflected revolution around the Earth
light
• phases are named for the lit
portion of the moon
•Waxing = getting lighter; Waning
= getting darker
8.7B
• Crescent & Gibbous refer to the
shape of the light being reflected
What
Comes Next?
1. What phase comes
immediately after a full
moon?
2. Which position would you
find it?
8.7B
Tides
• Caused by gravitational
pull of Sun & Moon
• Moon is much closer & has
more influence
• Spring Tides = higher high tides
& lower low tides than average
– Sun-Moon-Earth are aligned
• Neap Tides = lower high tides &
higher low tides than average
8.7C
– Sun-Earth-Moon at right angle
8.8A
HR
Diagram
1. Brightest star?
2. Hottest star?
3. Smallest star?
4. Name a …
…red supergiant
…white main
sequence
…white dwarf
8.8A
The Milky Way Galaxy
You are here.
• What units would you use to measure the
distance from our Sun to the center of our
galaxy?
8.8B, 8.8D
Universal Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rotation causes _?_.
Seasons are caused by _?_.
Spring tides occur in what moon phases?
List the components of the universe from
smallest to largest.
5. Name two things about stars that we can
get from a Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram.
Reminders…
• Plate tectonics is the movement of crustal
plates which alters landforms: formation of
rift valleys, mountain building, and other
landform changes
• The moon goes through a cycle of changes
both visually (phases) and forces acting on
the Earth (tides)
• The Universe is made of many parts
including nebulae, stars, planets, and moons
• Distance in the universe are measured in
light-years.
»Any questions???