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Transcript
Dr. Fredricksmeyer World of the Ancient Greeks Rise and Fall of Classical Athens: Pentakontaetia Peloponnesian Wars Athenian Imperialism Thucydides and his History of the Peloponnesian War life: aristocrat, a general, influenced by sophists (moral relativism), caught plague, died in 411 while in exile and before PW done first "scientific historian” sophistic method based on Hippocratic observation toward T von Ranke yet omits/selects/concentrates; “what must have been” (ta deonta) Pentakontateia (479-31) Persians and Peace of Kallias (449) Athens vs. Sparta: Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League Peace of 445: Athens forfeits Megaran ports, i.e. Western trade route, and must use Pro-Spartan Corinth Pericles Aggressive foreign policy supports democracies vs. oligarchies Athens allies with Argos (anti-Spartan) Athens sides with Corcyreans vs. Corinth Megarian decree [Patron of the arts and sciences] Peloponnesian War(s) (431-04) I. Archidamian War (431-21) Athenian Plague Pericles’s funeral oration Pericles’s death Cleon inter-poleis war complemented by internal/civil conflict between democrats and oligarchs Corcyrean civil war (427) and the mutability of language Athens captures 125 Spartiates (425) Cleon and Brasidas die at Amphipolis Peace of Nicias 421 Sicilian Expedition (415-13) 3 interest groups Alcibidades and mutilation of the herms Nicias Devastation 29,000/17,000 Athenians 200 ships, i.e. whole navy survivors worked to death in mines II. Decelean War (411-04) Oligarchic coup in 411 (Second) rise and fall of Alcibiades Battle of Aegospotami (404): Athens surrenders to Sparta oligarchic coup in 404 Athenian Imperialism (the Athenian paradox-democracy and imperialism) Imperialistic seeds from start of Delian league Athens a radical democracy/imperialistic thalassocracy navy and imperial magistrates in allied territories tribute Athens has “whip-hand” Naxos (470-69) secedes from Delian League: besieged and bullied into submission Allies lose autonomy: Increasing regulations overseen by Athenian imperial magistrates backed up by fleet, e.g. weights and measures, religious practices, not to mention taxes etc to pay tribute Delian treasury moved to Athens Pericles building program New Learning esp. in physics, astronomy and ethics relativism/justification for mistreatment of allies/Real Politik Physics and astronomy: anthropocentric rationalism and ethical relativism Physics-primary substance, atomic theory, etc. Astronomy-moon made of rock Ethical relativism Ethics: this move toward ethical relativism reinforced by sophistic ideas, esp. concerning Nomos vs. physis nomos = custom and belief/human law, which vary from place to place, i.e. no absolute truth, all things relative > situational ethics physis = natural law that precedes human law, but that law open to interpretation, hence also relativistic and dangerous, might makes right Athenian speech physis/nomos might makes right 1.75-77 Mytilenean Debate (427) (cf. Sparta and Plataea) Mytilene tries to form league of its own by consolidating cities in Lesbos Sicilian Expedition (see above): as much about commercial opportunism as the wareffort (good for economy to support war, to have harbors in west); retinue included many merchants and speculators Melian Dialogue (416)
