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Taxonomy Taxonomy: Science of classifying living things based on similarities. Aristotle • Over 2,000 years ago • Developed the first system of classification All Living Things Plants Herbs Shrubs Animals Trees Land Air Water Using Common Language • Using Common Names creates many problems with taxonomy • There are language and culture barriers • Fish ? Oak ? Difference ? Crayfish Red Oak Cougar Silverfish White Oak Mountain Lion Shellfish Chestnut Oak Panther Starfish Jellyfish Puma Carolus (Carl) Linneaus • “Father of Taxonomy” • Introduced Binomial Nomenclature The process by which all living things are given a two word scientific name. • Based in Latin & Greek languages Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Names • First Name = Genus (Must be capitalized) Second Name = Species (Must be lowercase) Both must be italics or underlined ! Examples: Felis domesticus = House cat Homo sapien = Humans Felis leo = African Lion Drosophilia melanogaster = fruit fly Felis concolor = Mountain Lion Canis lupus = Gray wolf Scientific Names • All scientific names are chosen to describe an organisms features, its geography, or some other trivia (person who named it). • Trifolium = 3 leaves agraium = fields • Linnaea = Linneaus borealis = northern • Quercus = oak alba = white 8 Categories of Classification • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species (King) (Philip) (Came) (Over) (For) (Good) (Spaghetti) Remember by Mnemonics ! Sub-Groupings • Subspecies (ssp) – same species, but notable morphological differences due to geographic isolation. (common in animal species) Subspecies of the rat snake Elaphe obsoleta, which interbreed where their ranges meet. • Varieties (var.) – same species but notable morphological differences not due to isolation. (common in plants, breeds of animals, even races of people) • Strains – refer to biochemically dissimilar microorgamisms (bacteria, viruses) Typical Staph Bacteria MRSA Bacteria Criteria/Evidence for Classification 1. Morphology • Comparing anatomical structures in order to determine similarities between organisms • Homologous Structures: similar parts between organisms (related) • Analogous Structures: different anatomical parts between two organisms (un-related) Homologous vs. Analogous 2. Embryology • Comparing the early development of organisms in order to group similar organisms. 3. Genetics • Comparing DNA sequences to determine similarities. Humans and Chimps share 99.6% of the same exact DNA ! 4. Phylogeny • Family tree that shows evolutionary relationships. • Base of tree = common ancestor of all the living things in the tree • Branching = change of organism into a new species • Tips of Branches = Current day species • The closer the branches, the more similar • The farther the branches, the more different Phylogeny 5. Biosystematics bi·o·sys·tem·at·ics The statistical analysis of data obtained from genetic, biochemical, and other studies to assess the taxonomic relationships of organisms or populations, especially within an evolutionary framework. • The study of reproductive capabilities in organisms (can two species reproduce with one another?) Animalia Animalia Animalia Protista Protista Protista Monera Eubacteria Animalia Animalia Protista Archaebacteria Fungi Fungi Fungi Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Kingdom Cell Type # Cells Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Mostly Unicellular Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Heterotrophic (Mushrooms, mold, yeast) Mostly Multicellular Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Animal Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Archaebacteria (Primitive Bacteria) Eubacteria (Normal Bacteria) Protista (Amoeba, Paramecium, algae) Fungi Eukaryotic Nutrition