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Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria AP Biology Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya 2007-2008 Common ancestor Bacteria live EVERYWHERE! Bacteria live in all ecosystems on plants & animals in plants & animals in the soil in depths of the oceans in extreme cold in extreme hot in extreme salt on the living on the dead AP Biology Bacterial diversity rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My! AP Biology Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure Gram-positive bacteria peptide side chains cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane protein peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides Gram-negative bacteria cell wall outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides outer membrane peptidoglycan AP Biology plasma membrane Prokaryotic Cell Wall Structure Positive Simple, lots of peptidoglycan, violet Negative Complex, little peptidoglycan, pink/red More THREATENING/resis tant to antibiotics AP Biology eukaryote cell Prokaryote Structure Pili prokaryote cell Appendages Capsule Protective layer, helps with adhesion DNA One, circular, loop no membrane-bound organelles Plasmid Rings of DNA with a few genes AP Biology Plasmids F plasmid Male! Hfr Cell with plasmid built into chromosome R plasmid AP Biology Resist antibiotics Prokaryotic metabolism How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients? photoautotrophs photosynthetic bacteria chemoautotrophs oxidize inorganic compounds nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen… heterotrophs live on plant & animal matter decomposers & pathogens AP Biology Taxis Movement away/toward a stimulus Chemotaxis Respond to chemical (oxygen, food) Phototaxis Respond to light Geotaxis Respond to gravity AP Biology Genetic variation in bacteria Mutations bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes binary fission error rate in copying DNA 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation Genetic recombination bacteria swap genes plasmids small supplemental circles of DNA AP Biology Reproduction Binary Fission Asexual Transformation Takes up foreign, naked, genes from environment Conjugation Direct transfer of genes through pili Transduction AP Biology Virus transfers genes between prokaryotes Bacteria as pathogens Disease-causing microbes plant diseases wilts, fruit rot, blights animal diseases tooth decay, ulcers anthrax, botulism plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia typhoid, cholera TB, pneumonia lyme disease AP Biology Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary) Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria decomposers recycling of nutrients from dead to living nitrogen fixation only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids plant root nodules help in digestion (E. coli) digest cellulose for herbivores cellulase enzyme produce vitamins K & B12 for humans produce foods & medicines from yogurt to insulin AP Biology