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BACTERIA vs VIRUS
Biology Chapter 24
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Bacteria are very small
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This is a
pore in
human skin
and the
yellow
spheres are
bacteria
3
Bacteria
are very
small
compared to
cells
with
nuclei
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Evolution/Classification





Most numerous on Earth
Most Ancient
Microscopic Prokaryotes
Evolution has yielded many species
adapted to survive where no other
organisms can.
Grouped based on:



Structure, physiology, molec. Composition
reaction to specific types of stain.
Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria
Archaebacteria
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Chemosynthetic bacteria use the
sulfur in the “smoke” for energy
to make ATP.
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The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria
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Kingdom Eubacteria

Can have one of three basic shapes
1. Bacilli – rod-shaped
2. Spirilla – spiral-shaped
3. Cocci – sphere-shaped
Staphylococci – grape-like
clusters
Streptococci – in chains
SHOW ME
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Bacillus
bacteria
are rod
or
sausage
shaped
9
Coccus
bacteria
are
sphere
or
ball
shaped
10
Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape
11
Diplo-bacteria
occur in pairs,
such as the
diplococcus
bacteria that
causes
gonorrhea
12
Staphylo bacteria occur
in clumps, such
as this
staphylococcus
bacteria that
causes common
infections of
cuts
13
Streptobacteria occur
in chains of
bacteria, such
as this
streptococcus
bacteria that
causes some
types of sore
throats
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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
Structure
Function
Cell Wall
Protects and gives shape
Outer
Membrane
Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only)
Cell
Membrane
Regulates movement of materials, contains
enzymes important to cellular respiration
Cytoplasm
Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds
Chromosome
Carries genetic information
Plasmid
Contains some genes obtained through recomb.
Capsule &
Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to
Slime Layer other surfaces
Endospore
Protects cell agains harsh enviornments
Pilus
Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces
Flagellum
Moves the cell
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No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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Nutrition and Growth




Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy
Some are Chemoautotrophs.
Many are Obligate Anaerobes.
 Oxygen = Death
 Ex.

Some are Faculatative Anaerobes
 With or without Oxygen
 Ex.


Clostridium tetani – Tetanus
Escherichia Coli
Some are Obligate Aerobes
 Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Temperature requirements

Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.
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Bacteria and Disease
Disease
Pathogen
Areas
affected
Mode of
transmission
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
Nerves
Improperly
preserved food
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Intestine
Contaminated water
Dental Caries
Streptococcus mutans,
sanguis, salivarius
Teeth
Environment to
mouth
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Urethra,
fallopian
Sexual contact
Lyme disease
Berrelia burgdorferi
Skin, joints
Tick bite
Rocky
Mountain SF
Rickettsia recketsii
Blood, skin
Tick bite
Salmonella
Salmonella
Intestine
Contaminated food,
water
Strep throat
Streptococcus pyogenes
URT, blood,
skin
Sneezes, coughs,
etc.
Tetanus
Costridium tetani
Nerves
Contaminated
wounds
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lung,
bones
coughs
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Some
bacteria
cause
diseases -Disease
causing
bacteria
are call
PATHOGENIC
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Helicobacter
pylori
is the
pathogenic
bacteria
that can
causes ulcers
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Leprosy is a
bacterial
infection
that
decreases
blood flow to
the
extremities
resulting in
the
deterioration
of toes, ears,
the nose and
the fingers.
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CHOLERA
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LYME DISEASE
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SALMONELLA
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STREP THROAT
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Common Antibiotics
Antibiotic
Mechanism
Target bacteria
Penicillin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Gram Positive
Ampicillin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Broad spectrum
Bacitracin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Gram Positive – Skin
Ointment
Cephalosporin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Gram Positive
Tetracycline
Inhibits Protein Synthesis
Broad spectrum
Streptomycin
Inhibits Protein Synthesis
Gram Neg. tuberculosis
Sulfa drug
Inhibits cell metabolism
Bacterial meningitis,
UTI
Rifampin
Inhibits RNA synthesis
Gram Pos., some Neg.
Quinolines
Inhibits DNA Synthesis
UTI
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Some Final Information


Because antibiotics have been overused,
many diseases that were once easy to
treat are becoming more difficult to
treat.
Some Bacteria are Useful



Ex.) Producing and Processing food
Breaking down dead organic material
Make unripened cheese like ricotta and
cottage by breaking down the protein in
milk.
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VIRUSES
Non-living but depends on the living!
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STRUCTURE





Nonliving
Composed of Nucleic acid and protein
Cause many diseases
Virology – Study of Viruses
Comparison of Viruses and Cells below
Char. Of Life
Virus
Cell
Growth
No
Yes
Homeostasis
No
Yes
Metabolism
No
Yes
Mutation
Yes
Yes
Nucleic acid
DNA or RNA
DNA
Reproduction
Only within host cell
Independently by
cell division
Structure
Nucleic acid core, protein
covering, some have
envelope
Cytoplasm, cell
membrane, etc..
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Here is a non-enveloped bacteria
virus inserting it’s DNA into a
bacterial cell.
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Characteristics of Viruses





2 essential features
1. Nucleic Acid
 May be DNA or RNA
 Helical, closed loop, or long strand
2. Protein Coat – called CAPSID
Some have ENVELOPE
 Ex. Influenza, chickepox, herpes simplex, HIV
VIRAL SHAPE
 Icosahedron – 20 triangular faces
 Ex.) herpes, chickenpox, polio
 Helix – Coiled spring
 EX.)Rabies, measles, tobacco mosaic
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All viruses have two main parts:
1. DNA or RNA – genetic info
2. Capsid – a protein encasement
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Grouping Viruses

Grouped according to:
 Presence of Capsid and envelope – shape
 RNA or DNA, single or double stranded – struct.
Viral Group
Nucleic Acid
Shape and Structure
Example
Papovaviruses
DNA
Icosahedral, non-env.
Warts, cancer
Adenoviruses
DNA
Icosahedral, non-env.
Resp. & intestinal
infections
Herpesviruses
DNA
Icosahedral, enveloped
Herpes simplex,
chicken pox,
mono, shingles
Poxviruses
DNA
Complex brick, enveloped
Small pox, cow
pox
Picornaviruses
RNA
Icosahedral, non-env.
Polio, hepatitis,
cancer
Myxoviruses
RNA
Helical, enveloped
Influenza A, B, C
Rhabdoviruses
RNA
Helical, enveloped
Rabies
Retroviruses
RNA
Icosahedral, enveloped
AIDS, cancer
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Grouping Viruses

Viroids- The smallest known particle that
can replicate.



Disrupt plant cell metabolism
Can destroy entire crops
Prions – Abnormal forms of proteins that
clump together inside cells.


Clumping eventually kills the cell
Examples
Scrapie – in sheep
 Mad Cow Disease

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Viral Replication Picture
http://www.mcgrawhill.ca/school/schoolGraphics/biology2_1.mpg
Click Movie to
Play
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Viruses and Human Disease

Control and Prevention of spread.

Vaccination & Antiviral drugs


Emerging Viruses – exist in isolated
habitats


Ex.) chickenpox vaccine, AZT, Acyclovir,
protease inhibitors.
Do not usually infect humans unless
environmental conditions favor contact.
Several viruses are now linked to
cancers such as leukemia, liver cancer,
Burkitt’s lymphoma, cervical cancer.
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PAPOVAVIRUSES
BACK
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ADENOVIRUSES
BACK
43
HERPESVIRUSES
BACK
44
POXVIRUSES
BACK
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After polio infections,
the killer T-cell have
destroyed the motor
neurons that are
producing the virus.
The result is a loss of
muscle control
including the
diaphragm. The
iron lung changes the
pressure to pump air
in and out of the
lungs.
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Which US President had polio?
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