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Chapter 6 Text Pages 180-215 Makes organisms are easier to study, easier to find things, easier to compare things Classification – the process of grouping things based on their similarities Taxonomy – the scientific study of how living things are classified Aristotle the Greek scholar was the first to classify (400 BC) Observed many animals and recorded their appearance, behavior, and movement. ◦ Made three groups Fly Swim Walk – Crawl – Run He used other differences to subdivide the groups Subdivision idea is still used today ◦ Not based on movement or habitat Expanded Aristotle’s ideas of classification ◦ Based on observable features BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name, naming system) ◦ Genus – closely related organisms ◦ Species – similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring in nature Scientific name is Felis concolor ◦ Latin, Italicized, Genus is capitalized Common name is a Puma, Mountain lion or cougar Theory of Evolution has changed classification ◦ evolutionary histories are classified more closely Other changes are due to: Microscopic structure Chemical analysis DNA Based on Aristotle and Linneaus Seven levels of classification ◦ Starts broad and gets specific ◦ Each group has shared characteristics ◦ More levels shared the more the organisms have in common Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Order Over Family For Genus Great Species Spaghetti Kingdom - Animal Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Primate Family - Homonidae Genus - Homo Species - sapien The more levels the two organisms share the more characterist ics they have in common Field Guides ◦ Books with illustrations that highlight differences between similar looking organisms Taxonomic Key ◦ Paired statements the describe the physical characteristics We now have 3 Domains (above Kingdom) ◦ Bacteria All bacteria, prokaryotes ◦ Archaea Prokaryotes, differ genetically and cell wall makeup ◦ Eukarya Cells that have a nucleus, more complex – have membrane bound organelles Specifics later “Ancient Bacteria” on Earth for Billions of Years Might resemble early life forms Different chemically than Archaebacteria Are “everywhere” “Odds and ends” kingdom Both plant and animal like Discovered in 1600’s on teeth scrapings by Anton van leeuwenhock Prokaryotic cells ◦ Genetic material not contained in the ◦ Each cell uses energy, grows and develops, responds to surroundings and reproduces •Unicellular •But very tiny •Live in EXTREME environments •Do not use oxygen anaerobic •Autotrophs make own food • Heterotrophs feed on others Thermus aquaticus ◦ Found in Yellowstone National Park (Hot Springs) Boiling Sulfur Ponds (90 degrees Celsius) pH level 1 Methanococcus janischiiwas ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Can be found in raw sewage Makes methane around ocean vent smokers Temperature 50 to 86 degrees Celsius 2,600 meters down Halobacterium halobium ◦ Found in Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea Both are high salt content areas Characteristics ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Prokaryotic Unicellular Live EVERYWHERE!!!!! Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Staphlococcus ◦ Outside the body bacteria (think skin) Causes Pimples Blood Poisoning Gangrene Streptococcus ◦ Inside the body bacteria Causes strep throat Tuberculosis ◦ Lung infection ◦ Symptoms persistent cough Coughing up blood Anthrax ◦ Different types Cutaneous On surface of skin Inhalation Lethal lung infection Not a Kingdom Non-living particle Does not ◦ use energy to grow ◦ respond to surroundings ◦ Make food ◦ Take in food ◦ Produce wastes Most viruses are parasites ◦ Cause harm to host They infect all 6 kingdoms Two basic parts ◦ Outer protein coat ◦ Inner genetic material Vary in ◦ Shapes ◦ Size (but very small) Immediately begin to multiply Quick death to host cell Example ◦ influenza “Hide” for a while ◦ Takes time DNA of virus becomes part of host cell’s DNA Death to host cell Example ◦ Cold sore • Causes AIDS • How Spread • Symptoms • Treatment – Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome – Contact with infected • blood • semen, vaginal fluid • breast milk – Four major transmission • • • • Unsafe sex Contaminated needles Breastfeeding Birth process – Fever – Weight loss – Chronic fatigue – No cure – Manage multiplication of virus HSV-2 -causes genital herpes ◦ spread through secretions from the mouth or genitals HSV-1 - affects the mouth and lips ◦ causes cold sores or fever blisters • • • • human papillomavirus Most common STD – 40 different types In 90% of cases, the body’s immune system clears HPV naturally within two years. Other 10% can get – Genital warts – warts in the throat – Cervical cancer • Prevention – Vaccines can protect males and females against some of the most common types of HPV that can lead to disease and cancer.