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Transcript
10 Microbiology Important People in Microbiology • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – Magnifying glass • Saw microorganisms from teeth for the first time • Ferdinand Julius Cohn – Classified bacteria as plants – Divided bacteria into four groups 2 Important People in Microbiology • Louis Pasteur – Process of fermentation • Proved bacteria causes disease 3 Important People in Microbiology • Robert Koch – Koch postulated that organisms must be: • Present in all cases of the disease • Isolated in pure culture • Capable of producing the disease in another person or animal • Recovered again in pure culture 4 Important People in Microbiology • Richard Julius Petri – Petri dish – Further developed technique for dispensing the bacteria onto the medium 5 Groups of Microorganisms • Bacteria and virus groups – Gram stain used to differentiate • Gram positive if they keep their dark purple color • Gram negative if they lose the color 6 Bacteria • Need for oxygen – Aerobic bacteria must have oxygen to grow and live – Anaerobic bacteria are destroyed in the presence of oxygen – Facultative anaerobic bacteria grow with or without oxygen present 7 Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Tuberculosis – Bacteria found in lungs – Fatigue, fever, weight loss, persistent cough – Airborne • Dental personnel must wear masks – Detected by a skin test and/or chest x-ray – Treatment is antibiotics or other drugs 8 Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Diphtheria – Severe throat infection and fever • Pertussis – Respiratory disease – Mainly affects infants and young children • Tetanus – Stiffness of the jaw (“lockjaw”) 9 Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Strep throat – Very common – Sore throat, fever, general malaise – Streptococcus mutans • Species of the same bacteria • Implicated in dental caries and endocarditis 10 Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Staphylococcal infections – Bacteria groups grow in clusters • Antibiotics are the first line of treatments 11 Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Anthrax – Humans can get disease through cuts in skin or eating diseased meat – Powder form • Symptoms within 1 to 6 days • Fever, weakness, dry hacking cough • Prevention by vaccination or antibiotic treatment before symptoms 12 Diseases Caused by Bacteria • Chlamydiae – Microorganisms somewhere between bacteria and viruses (small in size) • Genital, eye, and lymph node infections • Most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States • Antibiotics used as treatment 13 Protozoa • Just below visibility of the naked eye • Always dividing and changing shape • Flagella – Many have this long, threadlike appendage 14 Diseases Caused by Protozoa • Amebic dysentery – Severe diarrhea • Abscesses may develop in liver – Prevalent in countries where drinking water is contaminated and poor hygiene conditions prevail 15 Diseases Caused by Protozoa • Periodontal disease (protozoa and bacteria) – Both found in inflamed tissue around the tooth – Protozoa is found in the plaque in the periodontal pockets around the tooth – Treatments include removal, cleaning of plaque and tissue, and oral hygiene maintenance 16 Diseases Caused by Protozoa • Malaria – Symptoms during the first two weeks • Fever and soreness at point of entry 17 Rickettsiae • Parasites cannot live outside a host – Lice, fleas, ticks, and mites transmit disease to humans 18 Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae • Head lice – Common among children in schools – Transmitted easily through direct contact – Eggs reproduce in hair shafts – Treatment • Medicated shampoo and cleaning bedding, brushes, and clothing with very hot water 19 Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever – Rare, curable – Small pink dots appear • Typhus – Rare, treatable – Severe headache, back and limb pain, constipation, rash, and confusion 20 Yeasts and Molds • Includes bread yeast, mushrooms, and bread molds • Cannot be killed by bacterial antibiotics – Made from mold but does not act on it 21 Diseases Caused by Yeasts and Molds • Candidiasis – Covered by mucus in areas such as the inside of the mouth or the vaginal area – Treated by antibiotics 22 Diseases Caused by Yeasts and Molds • Tinea – Appearance named according to site infected • Tinea pedis (Athlete’s foot) • Tinea corporis (Ringworm) • Tinea unguium – White patches on toe or fingernail 23 Diseases Caused by Yeasts and Molds • Prion (pree-on) – Proteinaceous infectious particles made of only protein • Mad Cow Disease • Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease 24 Viruses • Must live inside hosts • Antibiotics cannot kill the virus • Treatment is primarily to ease the symptoms for the patient’s comfort 25 Diseases Caused by Viruses • Measles – Rash, fever – Spread by airborne droplets of nasal secretions • Mumps – Swelling of the parotid (salivary) glands on one or both sides – Spread by airborne droplets 26 Diseases Caused by Viruses • Rubella or German measles – Rash on face may spread to trunk and limbs – Only serious when it affects women in early stages of pregnancy • May cause birth defects – Vaccines are highly effective and given to most infants at age 15 months 27 Diseases Caused by Viruses • Poliomyelitis or polio – Attacks the central nervous system • Severe paralysis is a possibility 28 Diseases Caused by Viruses • Chicken pox – Very common and contagious in children – Rash and fever – Spread through airborne droplets – Usually only contract once in a lifetime • Before age 10 is better than as an adult 29 Diseases Caused by Viruses • Common cold and influenza – Treatments for fever, upset stomach, headache, body ache – Cold is spread through airborne droplets, contact with contaminated objects, or hand-tohand contact 30 Diseases Caused by Viruses • Common cold and influenza – Flu vaccines are successful in 60 percent of patients – Flu is contagious from 12 to 72 hours after symptoms appear – Flu is spread through airborne droplets 31 Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) – Herpes simplex virus I (HSV I) is associated with infections of the lips, mouth, and face – Herpes simplex virus II (HSV II) is associated with the genital area • Can also be found in oral cavity 32 Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Treatment of HSV I – Depends on its type, site, and severity – Dental teams may reschedule patient if sores are apparent • Primarily for patient comfort, although some offices may have policies – Many treatments readily available 33 Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Bloodborne diseases – Hepatitis B – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) • Brain damage and dementia may occur • May develop into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – No cure – Much research is being done to find a cure 34 Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • High risk behavior – Injuries or sticks with sharp objects contaminated with blood or body fluid – Multiple sexual partners; unprotected sex – Sharing contaminated needles – Exposure to non-intact skin or open wound with contaminated blood or body fluid 35 Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Viral hepatitis – Hepatitis A and E • Transmitted by personal contact or ingestion of contaminated water or food • Vaccines and boosters are available for children in areas at high risk 36 Diseases of Major Concern to the Dental Assistant • Viral hepatitis – Hepatitis B (major dental concern) • Transmitted mainly through needles and syringes • May or may not have symptoms – Loss of appetite, abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, weakness, muscle pain, and jaundice 37 How the Body Resists Diseases • Infection – Pyogenic membrane • Dam built around infected area preventing it to spread further – Antibodies • Produced as a final defense against foreign substances 38 How the Body Resists Diseases • Infection – Antitoxins • Neutralizes the toxins given off by certain bacteria 39 How the Body Resists Diseases • Fever – Fights off infection or pathogens • Few bacteria can survive beyond 102° F 40 How the Body Resists Diseases • Inflammation – Increase in blood vessels to a specific area allowing antibodies to enter • • • • Erythema (redness) Heat Edema (swelling) Pain 41 How the Body Resists Diseases • Immunity – Ability to resist disease • • • • • • Natural Acquired Passive acquired Active acquired Natural acquired Artificial acquired 42 How the Body Resists Diseases • Antigen substance injected into body to stimulate specific antibodies – Allergens – Hypersensitive – Anaphylactic shock • Sometimes fatal • Requires going through patient’s health history 43 Normal Routes of Microorganism Exposure • Direct contact – When a dental provider touches the lesion or blood of an infected person while working in the oral cavity – Standard precautions 44 Normal Routes of Microorganism Exposure • Indirect contact – When dental provider or next patient obtains disease from contaminated instruments, supplies, or equipment – Standard precautions 45 Normal Routes of Microorganism Exposure • Inhalation – Takes place during use of high-speed handpiece • Creates an aerosol spray during patient care 46