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Standard I Review
Ecology
Scientific method
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Control?
Used for comparison (kept constant)
Theory vs. hypothesis
Theory is a generalization that unifies many
scientific observations.
• What is the variable?
• What you change.
Scientists
• New evidence often shows that old theories have
problems so what should science do?
• Modify and revise the old theories.
• In developing a valid theory, scientists often use
what?
• observations and experiments of other scientists
• Ex. Evolution (Darwin), Mendel (genetics), cell
theory.
What is Biotic? What is abiotic?
What does the Ecosystem
include?
Ecosystem =
the biotic and
abiotic factors
combined
Biotic
factors =
living
Abiotic
factors =
nonliving
Some examples are?
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Examples of biotic factors?
Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, protists
Examples of abiotic factors
Think of things plants need to survive like
water, soil and sun
What is a limiting factor?
• Abiotic or biotic factors
that define weather or not
an organism can survive
are limiting factors.
• Examples of limiting
factors are?
• food, temperature, water,
predators.
What is Symbiotic interactions?
Can you name them?
Can you put these words in
order?
Individual, Ecosystem,
Biome, Population,
Community, Biosphere
What happens during geographic
isolation?
• They can no longer mate
and exchange genes with
the population which can
lead to?
• Divergent evolution
• Speciation.
Why do birds migrate?
• What do birds gain by migrating to an area
with seasonal abundance?
• Think of the energy budget.
How does energy flow through
an ecosystem?
What is the primary
source of energy for
everything?
How do animals get nutrients
they need?
• BY EATING PLANTS!!!!
Nutrition and Energy Flow
• Autotrophs –
Producers
– Plants
• Heterotrophs –
Consumers
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Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Decomposers
Food chain
• Can you draw a food chain and the arrows
showing the way that the energy goes.
• What do you need to know?
• What the animal eats.
• What is the energy molecule (animals)?
• ATP
• Where is it stored?
• In the bonds.
Food chains
• Food chains show
how energy and
nutrients flow
from autotrophs
to heterotrophs
then eventually to
decomposers.
Energy Pyramids
10% gets passed on
to each level
Notice that you
lose 90% at each
level.
So how much
Energy is lost
between the
primary producers
and the tertiary
consumers?
What trophic level
has the most
organisms?
The least
organism
s?
Most
energy?
Least
energy
How do bacteria or decomposers help the
nitrogen cycle?
Decomposers
• Like fungi and bacteria
• Break down dead stuff releasing carbon in
the form of carbon dioxide And putting
nitrogen in the soil in a form that plants
can use it.
• See page 57.
• What does the increase in human population
do to the co2 and 02 balance?
• Humans breath in what? And take out what?
• What kind of things can mess up your
Genes or chromosomes?
• Radiation type stuff
Tropical rain forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical savanna
Temperate
grassland
Desert
Temperate
woodland and
Temperate forest
Tundra
Coniferous forest Mountains and
ice caps
Taiga
Does species diversity increase or
decrease as you move towards
the equator?
• Increase.
• Why?
• The warm moist climate allows plants to
grow all year so that they can support a
larger community.
What is a likely
adaptation of a desert plant?
• Anything that will decrease water loss.
• One example is a thick waxy layer, spines,
no leaves, stomata that close during the day
Rain fall
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If it gets less than 10 inches (25 cm) of rain it
would be considered a ?
desseret
If an ecosystem receives 10 – 30 inches (25 –
75 cm it is a?
Grassland.
If it gets 30 – 60 inches ( 75-150 cm) it is?
Temperate forest?
If it gets 80 inches (200cm) it is a ?
Rainforest.
Increase biodiversity
• As you move towards the equator.
• Rainforest.
What is Rapid growth?
• expand exponentially and
then die).
Graphs
J curve Growth is
slow at first, then
increases rapidly
Steady rate of
increase
What is exponential growth?
What is Carrying capacity?
Carrying
capacity
What is Carrying
capacity
• The number of organisms of
one species that an
environment can support is its
carrying capacity. This is
when births exceed deaths.
• But if the population
overshoots the carrying
capacity, deaths will exceed
births until it levels off .
Predator and prey
What is the Green house effect?
• Carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, traps
heat and sends it to earth leading to what?
• Global warming.
• To reduce effect we do what?
• Decrease car emissions (this seems to help the
most)
• Increase miles per gallon
• Recycle
• reforestation
What effect do humans have on
the ecosystem?
• Create conditions
that alter the abiotic
factors
• Like deforestation –
• Desertification –
• Pollution.
Reintroduction
• So when we reintroduce
an animal into a new
environment we should . . .
• Study the animal in its
natural environment and
notice symbiotic
interactions like predatorprey, competition etc.
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How would introducing wolves to an
ecosystem effect the elk population?
How would introducing wolves effect the
grass population?
Biodiversity
• Which ecosystem has the most biodiversity?
• Rainforest – has most
• Is more biodiversity better or worse for the
ecosystem
• BETTER – DUH – it increases stability of
an ecosystem.