Download Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates
Regents Biology
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Carbohydrates:
Energy molecules
Regents Biology
2009-2010
H
OH
Carbohydrates
 Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
 Ratio of 1:2:1
 C6H12O6
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates
 Function:

quick energy

energy storage

structure
glucose
C6H12O6
 cell wall in plants
sucrose
 Examples

sugars

starches

cellulose (cell wall)
Regents Biology
starch
Carbohydrates
 Building block molecules = sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
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Sugars = building blocks
 Names for sugars usually end in -ose
glucose
 fructose
 sucrose
 maltose
CH2OH

Regents Biology
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
glucose
C6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
maltose
Building carbohydrates
 Synthesis
1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
glucose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two
Regents Biology
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
maltose
Building carbohydrates
 Synthesis
1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
fructose
How sweet
it is!
Regents Biology
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
BIG carbohydrates
 Polysaccharides

“Many sugars”
 starch
 energy storage in plants

potatoes
 glycogen
 energy storage in animals
poly = many

in liver & muscles
 cellulose
 structure in plants

cell walls
 chitin
 structure in arthropods & fungi
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
exoskeleton
Building BIG carbohydrates
glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
glycogen
(animal)
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
cellulose
hard to
digest
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enzyme
enzyme
Cellulose
 Cell walls in plants
herbivores can digest cellulose well
 most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

 that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
 cellulose = roughage
 stays undigested
 keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Regents Biology
Different Diets of Herbivores
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria
 How can cows digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Eeeew…
Chewing
cud?
Regents Biology