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Carbohydrates Regents Biology CH2OH H O H OH H H OH HO Carbohydrates: Energy molecules Regents Biology H OH Carbohydrates Building block molecules = sugars sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Regents Biology Carbohydrates Function: quick energy energy storage structure glucose C6H12O6 cell wall in plants sucrose Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) Regents Biology starch Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in -ose glucose fructose sucrose maltose CH2OH Regents Biology H O H OH H H OH HO H OH glucose C6H12O6 sucrose fructose maltose Naming Sugars The term saccharide comes from saccharum, meaning sugar Simple sugars Single chain of carbon atoms C have –OH groups attached Distinguishing sugars carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) Number of carbons in the chain Regents Biology Isomers Molecules with the same chemical formula but with a different arrangement of atoms C6H12O6 Glucose Fructose OH OH Different shapes = different properties Regents Biology Building carbohydrates Monosaccharides = 1 sugar Disaccharides = 2 suagrs 2-10 sugars can also be called oligosaccharides Glycosidic linkage covalent bond holding 2 sugars together Condensation rxn = Produce water Regents Biology Building carbohydrates Synthesis 1 sugar = monosaccharide | glucose | glucose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two Regents Biology 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose Glycosidic linkage Building carbohydrates Synthesis 1 sugar = monosaccharide | glucose | fructose How sweet it is! Regents Biology 2 sugars = disaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) Glycosidic linkage BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides large carbohydrates Energy source or structure starch energy storage in plants potatoes glycogen energy storage in animals poly = many in liver & muscles cellulose structure in plants cell walls chitin structure in arthropods & fungi Regents Biology exoskeleton Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide starch (plant) energy storage Regents Biology Straight chain Branched chain We have enzymes that hydrolyze amylose and amylopectin into glucose molecules, therefore we have the ability to digest them Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide -Several branching sections -energy storage for ie. Physical exercise energy storage glycogen (animal) Regents Biology Branching chain Cellulose Cell walls in plants Chains are neither coiled or branched They can H-bond between chains Form tight bundles Regents Biology Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose (we don’t have the enzymes to digest it) that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material moving in your intestines Regents Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest Regents Biology enzyme enzyme Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet Regents Biology Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Regents Biology