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Pro Plan Puppy with Optistart
Relaunch
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Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
Protective Systems
Puppy’s Critical 1st Year of Life
Growing Up Is Stressful
Importance of Nutrition
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1. Protective Systems
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Protective Systems
• Protective systems work together to protect, support and
promote health & well-being.
• Support health throughout life:
– Skin & Coat System
– Immune System
– Digestive System
• Systems are interlinked and interdependent
• Nutrition is paramount so these systems function optimally
• Pro Plan works with the natural protective systems of the
dog and helps the dog protect itself.
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Skin & Coat Protective
System
• The skin is the main organ of interaction with the
external environment.
• Provides a shield to the other protective systems.
• Protective functions:
- Physical barrier to the body
- Immune defenses
- Limits water loss
- Prevents physical trauma
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Immune Protective System
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Immune System
Function
• The immune system is a
complex body wide network
designed to recognize, repel or
destroy foreign invaders.
• Acts systematically on both a
global scale and locally
(digestive and skin/coat
systems) to provide protection.
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The Immune Response
• An immune response is initiated by non-specific
(innate) functions that confer early containment
of the pathogen.
• It is followed by a specific (acquired) response
that confers immune memory to the host,
enabling it to make a vigorous and rapid
immune response to subsequent infections.
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Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Innate
Infection
Adaptive
(Primary)
Adaptive
(Memory)
Time
Infection 1
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Infection 2
Digestive Protective System
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Natural GI Defense Mechanisms
Frontier between outside world and inside
the animal
• Defenses:
– Digestion
– Physical barrier
– Gut-associated lymphoid
tissue (GALT) – immune
system in the gut which
accounts for 70% of the body’s
immune system
– Intestinal microflora
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Bacteria of the Digestive Tract
• Several hundred different species (over 1 billion
bacteria per gram of feces).
• Balance of beneficial and potentially harmful bacteria.
• Beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria,
lactobacilli)
• Potentially harmful bacteria (e.g., Clostridia)
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Effect of Beneficial Bacteria on
Immune Function
• Block attachment of
pathogens
• Some excrete immune
stimulating factors
• Short Chain Fatty Acids
– Lower pH  pathogens
don’t grow well
• Stronger barrier integrity
inhibits toxin
absorption
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Imbalance Intestinal Bacteria /
Microflora
STRESS
Travelling
Change of environment
Life stage/style effects
Puppies/Kittens
Senior animals
Infection
Dietary change / poor nutrition
Individual thresholds
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What Happens in the Gut During
Infection?
 Nutrient intake
Anorexia
 Nutrient absorption
Malabsorption
Intestinal damage
Nutrient loss
Diarrhea
INFECTION
Activation of inflammatory/immune response
 Metabolic rate
Redistribution of nutrients
 Nutrient requirements
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Is Balanced Intestinal Bacteria
Essential?
• What happens if we don’t establish a balanced
gut bacteria / microflora population soon after
birth?
– Susceptible to infections
– Poor reproduction
– Short life
Poor immune function
• Balanced microflora in humans:
– Decreased allergies
– Decreased skin disease
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3 Main Protective Systems
Provide GLOBAL protection via the LINK of the 3 key
protective systems
Skin&coat
Digestive
Immune
Each of the 3 systems operates at peak efficiency
together only when supplied with common and
optimal levels of essential nutrients.
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Protective Systems Are Interlinked
• Less than optimal performance in any one of
these three systems will lead to problems
affecting the other systems
• Optimal performance in an individual system will
enable the other systems to operate to their full
potential
• Each of the 3 systems operates at peak efficiency
together only when supplied with common and
optimal levels of essential nutrients
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Protective Systems at Work
• Consider the wide variety of
circumstances and different stressors that
puppies and dogs face during their lives
– Consider how this challenges the dog’s
protective systems
• These stressors, in most cases, require the
protective systems to work harder
• During these times, vital nutrients will help each
of these protective systems protect the dog
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2. Puppy’s Critical 1st Year of Life
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The Puppy’s Critical
First Year
• All 3 protective systems must work together in
harmony to fully protect the puppy.
• If any one system is not working 100%, it can lead
to problems with the other systems
• Nutrition is critical in order for the systems to
function optimally and in harmony.
• Sub-optimal or imbalanced nutrition can adversely
affect protective systems.
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The Best Start
The 1st year of the protective systems:
1. Digestive System: Doubles in weight 1st 24
hours
2. Skin & Coat System: Hair replacement cycle
shorter compared to adult dogs
3. Immune System: “The Immunity Gap” –
immunity reaches low point from around 3
weeks to 5 months of age
You only have 1 chance to build
the best foundation.
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The 1st Year
How Puppies Develop during their 1st Year – Skin & Coat
Health
• 95% of dog’s hair is composed of protein
• 25 - 30% of the daily protein in their diet is used for normal
hair and skin growth
Puppies need a diet that provides
rich nutrition with high quality protein
to nourish healthy skin and a
protective, lustrous coat -- an
outward sign of good health
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Immune System Changes During 1st
Year
• Until weaning, puppy receives antibodies & other
immune components from mother’s milk.
– At weaning, antibody levels drop.
– Immunity reaches low at 3 weeks till about 5 months of
age.
– “Immunity Gap” until immune system matures around 5
months old.
– Ingestion of mother’s colostrum and milk is critical to
protect the health of the puppy.
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Digestive Tract Changes During 1st
Year
• Digestive tract undergoes most drastic change in
function of any organ except lungs
• Within first 24 hours – digestive tract must take
over from the placenta the huge task of
transferring nutrients from outside world to young
puppy.
• By 3 weeks: cells doubled in thickness; amount of
enzymes will have increased many fold since birth
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Digestive Tract Changes During 1st
Year
• Fully capable of digestion & absorption of
mother’s milk.
• 1st 24-48 hrs: colostrum provides passive transfer
of immunity from mother to puppy.
– Colostrum also contains growth factors etc for the
growth of gut.
• At weaning, gut transitions from digestion mother’s
milk to food.
Transition to fully
functional physical
barrier complete 1222 weeks
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PTC of age.
3. Growing Up Is Stressful
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What Happens in the Gut with Stress?
LARGE INTESTINE
Bifidobacteria
Clostridium perfringens
Negative effects
Positive Effects
Energy for
gut cells
pH (more acidic)
Help prevent diarrhea
Enterotoxins
Helps Mineral Absorption
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Potential
carcinogens
Putrefactive
substances
What Happens in the Gut After
Stress?
• Shifts in microbial
population
• shedding of pathogenic
bacteria
• function of protective
intestinal barrier
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Stress Effects the Protective
Systems
• Stress can result in suppression of the Immune
System or an alteration of the Digestive System
– Poor faecal quality or stress-related diarrhoea
• Stool Quality and Digestive Health are rated as
major concerns of puppy owners
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Growing Up is Stressful
• Stresses in puppies include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Bathing
Going to a new place
Meeting new people
Being in a crate
Playing
Vet visits
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Effect of Bathing on Fecal Score
Fecal Score
85
80
Score
75
70
65
60
48 hr prior
48 hr prior
48 hr during
48 hr during
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48 hr after
48 hr after
4. Importance of Early Nutrition – Can
Immune and Digestive Tract Protective
Systems Be Influenced by Diet?
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Nutrition early in life during the
critical growth period can have a
major influence on health, longevity
and incidence of disease later in life.
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Natural antibodies and other bio-active growth
factors like those found in milk or eggs may
influence a puppy’s immature immune system and
gut microflora.
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Milk
• Constituents of milk have
health benefits
• Whey fraction of milk:
– Natural product of cheese
making
– Protein rich fraction
– Contains many bio-active
compounds
• Whey proteins include:
 Major Whey Proteins
 b-Lactoglobulin [50%]
 a-Lactalbumin [20%]
 Immunoglobulin [10%]
 Glycomacropeptide [10%]
 Serum albumin [5%]
 Minor Whey Proteins [5%]
 Lactoperoxidase [1%]
 Lactoferrin [2%]
 b-microglobulin
 Lysozyme
 Insulin-like growth factor
 TGF-b
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Potential Biological Functions of Milk
Components
• Research studies have demonstrated that
components of milk have many beneficial effects:
– Inhibit growth of undesirable microflora
– Promote growth beneficial bacteria, lactobacilli and
bifidobacteria
– Act as a prebiotic and stimulates the immune system
– Role in maintaining a healthy gut wall
– Many others…
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Colostrum
• First milk produced by mother
• Contains
– Antibodies (IgG mainly as well as IgA and IgM)
– Enzymes, protein, fat, vitamins (A, D, E, K), low level of
carbohydrate, other bio-active components
• Provides passive transfer of immunity to young puppy
– Occurs first 12-36 hours after birth
– After this period, puppy still gets immunity benefits from mother’s
milk
• Within day or two after birth, puppy’s GI tract populated
with bacteria (microflora) – transfer from mother’s
colostrum is dominant source.
– Helps establish healthy intestinal microflora population.
– Breastfed humans have predominance of beneficial bacteria and
lower faecal pH vs cow milk-based formula-fed babies.
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