Download 3 H - NSTA Learning Center - National Science Teachers Association

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
IPY/NSTA Web Seminar:
Impact of Polar Climate Change on Living
Systems
Thursday, June 14, 2007
6:30 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern time
Agenda:
1. Introductions
2. Tec-help info
3. Web Seminar training
4. Presentation
5. Evaluation
6. Chat with the presenter
Al Byers
Assistant Executive Director
NSTA
Susan Hurstcalderone
Science Teacher
Volunteer Chat Moderator
Jeff Layman
Tech Support
703-312-9384
[email protected]
NSTA
Screenshot
We would like to know more
about you…
How many web seminars
have you attended?
A. 1-3
B. 4-5
C. More than 5
D. This is my first web seminar.
E. I don’t know what is a web
seminar.
Use the letters A-E located at
the top left of your actual
screen to answer the poll
Where are you now?
What grade level do you
teach?
A. Elementary School, K-5.
B. Middle School, 6-8.
C. High School, 9-12.
D. I teach college students (undergrad and/or grad
students).
E. I am an Informal Educator
LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
IPY/NSTA Web Seminar:
Impact of Polar Climate Change on Living
Systems
Thursday, June 14, 2007
7:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern time
Cold Microbes: From Global Cycles to
Genomes
David Kirchman
College of Marine and Earth Studies
University of Delaware
Lewes, Delaware
CO2 in atmosphere
Greenhouse
gases like CO2
are increasing
in the
atmosphere
Year
How much has the average global
temperature changed due to greenhouse
gases and human activity?
A. Not at all.
B. Not at all yet, but may in the future.
C. About 1oC so far, may be as high
as 6oC by the year 2100.
D. About 2oC so far, may be as high
as 10oC by the year 2100.
Arctic Ocean will
be free of ice by
2040?!
2040?
2004
Microbes consume and produce many
greenhouse gases, especially CO2
Phytoplankton and other plants
Autotrophs
CO2
Organic Matter + O2
Heterotrophs
Bacteria and animals
Seawater after staining for DNA
Heterotrophic bacteria (about 0.5 mm)
How many bacteria are in the
oceans?
Cells per ml
100
1,000
100,000
1,000,000
What is your
estimate?
Fate of plant (primary) production in the oceans
CO2
Larger
grazers
Protist
grazers
Bacteria
Detritus
CO2
Phytoplankton
(plants)
50% in warm
oceans
Are bacteria and other microbes as
“active” in the Arctic as elsewhere?
CO2
Larger
grazers
Protist
grazers
Bacteria
Detritus
CO2
Phytoplankton
(plants)
What fraction
goes this route
in the Arctic?
Weak, inactive bacteria
 strong classical food
chains
Pomeroy and Diebel (1986)
[M. Webber-USFWS]
Why microbes may not be so
active in the Arctic:
It’s cold up there!
-1.7- +5oC in water
-20oC in sea ice
(salinity = 20%)
Polar bear
swim by
Kirchman
Are bacteria and other microbes as
“active” in the Arctic as elsewhere?
True
False
How many cells are growing and are active in
taking up organic material?
Microautoradiography
1. Incubate with 3H-organic material
2. Fix and filter
3. Embed into photographic film emulsion
4. Develop and analyze
Microautoradiography: single cell assay
for organic material use
3H-amino
acids
Bacterium
3H
Photographic film emulsion
Cells stained for DNA
(0.5 mm)
Silver grains, indicating
uptake of 3H amino
acids
Arctic bacteria are active, even in freezing water!!
70-100% of cells detectable by FISH
70
% of total bacteria
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Arctic Ocean
N. Atlantic
Ocean
Global
Average
Questions?
What have you learned?
Microbes both produce and consume
greenhouse gases, like CO2 and methane (CH4).
True
False
What have you learned?
The biomass (weight) of whales is greater than
that of bacteria in the oceans.
True
False
What types (“species”) of
marine bacteria are in the
Arctic Ocean and in the global
carbon cycle?
Answers from genomics
ge·nom ic (je’ nom’ ik) adj.The
study of the structure and function
of large numbers of genes
simultaneously.
Many genomes are now sequenced.
>200 marine
microbes now
being sequenced
Draft of human
genome
2007
Metagenomics (environmental genomics)
Genes isolated directly from microbial
communities without culturing in the lab.
icophyto
S
plankto
oeo yne ch
n
oco
ba
ct e
ccu
rv
sP
iol
CC
ace
63 0
us
1
Fi
br
D ob a
ei
no cter
co
su
cc
cc
in o
us
ge
ra
ne
di
od
s
ur
an
s
4
32
AR
marine
P
iae
on
um
e
m
pn
su
us
la
ino phil
hi
sp
o
op
n
m
d
m
biu s li
my
la
cro yce yi
lid a
mi
Ch
m
pal
co ncto stale
u
era
rr
a l ula
a
l
e
h
V
P rel
sp
Iso
Pi
Gl
S
B/
A/SAR406
e
rioform
ilis
up
ro
lop
hilu
Lactococcus lactis
Bacillus subtili
s
tica
ga ly
rag
eG
Ge
ob
ac
te r
Bd
me ello
v
tal
lir ibri
sm
ed
o
e
u
t
h
ce bac
Rho
y lo
ns te
dofe
trop
r io
rax
h
us
ferm
vo
enta
ru
ns
s
thy
Marine Group
lopha
es f
iu m vib
Chloro b
C ellu
id
tero
Bac
in
ar
M
Me
Bacteria
a”
utum
vicell
min
x p ar
ium
b
o
rothri
Atop atus “Mic
id
Cand
Actinobacteria
SAR86
Bathymodiolus thermoph
ilus gill sym.
Oceanospirillum linum
ii
as macleod
Alteromon
marine
Rubrobacter xylanophilus
Nitrospira marina
arum
s alin
rio
ib
v
do
t us
Rho
sula
cap
r
e
3
t
ac
R8
dob
SA
R ho
SAR11
robium
roseum
Chlo
rofle x
us au
H
ran tia
erpe
Th e
cus
tosip
rmo
hon
t og
aura
a m Geoto
ga s
ntia
arit
ubte
cus
ima
r ran
Aqu
ea
ifex
p yr
oph
ilus
illum
Ma g
n eto
spir
tacti
cu m
Azospirillum bra
silense
on
g
us
SA
R1
mag
16
n et o
/
ac
te
rl
t er
ac
Er
yt
hr
ob
Ro
b
s eo
SAR20
2
Thermo
mic
Lots of marine
bacterial “species”,
many new and still
not isolated.
Torsvik et al. (2002): 160
0.10 substitutions
Venter et al. (2004): 1,800-45,000
per nucleotide position
Sulfo
Py Desulfu lob us solf
ataric
rod
roco
us
ccu s
ict
ium
mo b
ilis
oc
cu
l tu
m
Methanosarcina barkeri
ter iu
mh
alob
ium
Halofera
x volcan
ii
Methanospirillu
m hunga tei
oba
c
rou
p II
aG
Ha l
ilu
m
no
ba
ma
pla
s
pI
A rc
hae
ou
Gr
ac
id o
ph
M
et
ha
aea
erm
o
ch
Th
Ar
ct
er
iu
m
th
er
m
oa
ut
o
tro
ph
ic
um
x
na
te
s
us
en
te
nd
ro
pe
op
lum
m
ofi
er
Th h erm
T
hii
nasc
s jan
tae eler
occu
l
c
o
o
v
han
s c um
us
Me t
cu icic
oc c
oc
noc
oc form
a
h
m
t
er um
Me
Th
ri
cte
ba
o
an
eth
M
Archaea
Giovannoni and Rappe (2000)
What you should have learned:
Climate change is real, especially in the Arctic,
which is very sensitive to global warming.
Microbes are important because of their
abundance and their role in consuming and
producing greenhouse gases.
Data about genomes help us understand
microbes in the Arctic and other natural
environments.
What is going to
happen to our
climate and the
biosphere??
Thank you!
http://www.elluminate.com
http://learningcenter.nsta.org
National Science Teachers Association
Gerry Wheeler, Executive Director
Frank Owens, Associate Executive Director
Conferences and Programs
Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning
NSTA Web Seminars
Flavio Mendez, Program Manager
Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator
Susan Hurstcalderone, Volunteer Chat Moderator
LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
• NSDL: Selecting and Using Digital Phenomena
and Representations for Middle School Science
Instruction
June 19, 2007
6:30 PM Eastern Time
NSTA SciGuides:
Provide tools to quickly and
easily locate targeted science
content information and teaching
resources from NSTA-reviewed
science web sites.
http://sciguides.nsta.org
Web Seminar Evaluation
http://institute.nsta.org/survey/ipylife2.asp