Download Carbohydrate Notes

Carbohydrates
AP Biology
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
Carbohydrates
energy
molecules
AP Biology
2013-2014
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O

carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH2O)
(CH
CC66HH1212OO66
2O)
xx
Function:
energy
 raw materials

energy storage
 structural materials

 Monomer: simple sugars (monosaccharide)
 ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
AP Biology sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Sugars
 Most names for sugars end in -ose
 Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
 5C = pentose (ribose)
 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
6H
HO
H
AP Biology
OH
Glucose
H
CH2OH
OH
C
O
H
HO
H
5
OH
O
H
HO
H
Ribose
H
H
H
C
OH
C
3OH
H
Glyceraldehyde
Functional groups determine function
carbonyl
aldehyde
carbonyl
ketone
AP Biology
Sugar structure
5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Where do
you find solutions
in biology?
In cells!
AP Biology
Carbons are numbered
Numbered carbons
C 6'
5' C
O
4' C
C1'
energy stored in C-C bonds
C3'
AP Biology
C2'
Simple & complex sugars
 Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars
 Glucose, fructose
 Galactose

CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Glucose
 Disaccharides
2 monomers
 Sucrose, maltose, lactose

 Polysaccharides
large polymers
 Starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin
AP Biology

H
OH
Building sugars
 Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
AP Biology
H2O
|
glucose
disaccharide
|
maltose
glycosidic linkage
Building sugars
 Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
H2O
|
fructose
Makin’ some candy!
AP Biology
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
Polysaccharides
 Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
 easily reversible = release energy

 Function:

energy storage
 starch (plants)
 glycogen (animals)
 in liver & muscles

structure
 cellulose (plants)
 chitin (arthropods & fungi)
AP Biology
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
slow release
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
glycogen
(animal)
AP Biology
fast
release
What does
branching do?
Polysaccharide diversity
 Molecular structure determines function
in starch
in cellulose
isomers of glucose
 structure determines function…

AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
enzyme
cellulose
hard to
digest
enzyme
AP Biology
Cellulose
 Most abundant organic
compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to
digest cellulose
 most carnivores have not

 that’s why they
eat meat to get
their energy &
nutrients
 cellulose = undigestible roughage
AP Biology
But it tastes
like hay!
Who can live
on this stuff?!
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria
 How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Caprophage
Ruminants
Regents Biology
Tell Ime
about
eat
the rabbits,
WHAT!
again, George!
EAT
Let’s build
X some
Carbohydrates!
Regents Biology
2013-2014