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Carbohydrates
AP Biology
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
Carbohydrates
_____________
_____________
AP Biology
2006-2007
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O

carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH22O)
O)xx
C66H12
O
(CH
12 66
Function:
____________
 ____________

____________
 ____________

 Monomer: sugars
 ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
AP Biology
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Sugars
 Most names for sugars end in _________
 Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
 5C = pentose (ribose)
 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
6H
HO
H
AP Biology
OH
Glucose
H
CH2OH
OH
C
O
H
HO
H
5
OH
O
H
HO
H
Ribose
H
H
H
C
OH
C
3OH
H
Glyceraldehyde
Functional groups determine function
carbonyl
_________
carbonyl
_________
AP Biology
Sugar structure
5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Where do
you find solutions
in biology?
In cells!
AP Biology
Carbons are numbered
Numbered carbons
C
C
O
C
C
C
AP Biology
C
energy stored in C-C bonds
Simple & complex sugars
 ____________________
_______________________
 _______________________

 ____________________
_______________________
 _______________________

 ____________________
_______________________
 _______________________

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
AP Biology
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Glucose
H
OH
Building sugars
 Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
AP Biology
H2O
|
glucose
disaccharide
|
maltose
________________
Building sugars
 Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
AP Biology
H2O
|
fructose
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Polysaccharides
 Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
 easily reversible = release energy

 Function:

___________________
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
 ______________________
 ______________________
 in liver & muscles

___________________
 ______________________
 ______________________
AP Biology
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
slow release
__________
__________
energy
storage
__________
__________
AP Biology
fast
release
What does
branching do?
Polysaccharide diversity
 Molecular structure determines function
in starch
in cellulose
isomers of glucose
 structure determines function…

AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
enzyme
cellulose
hard to
digest
enzyme
AP Biology
Cellulose
 Most abundant organic
compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to
digest cellulose
 most carnivores have not

 that’s why they
eat meat to get
their energy &
nutrients
 _____________________________
AP Biology
But it tastes
like hay!
Who can live
on this stuff?!
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria
 How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
a dna ™emiTkciuQ
rosserpmoced )desserpmocnU( F FIT
.erutcip siht ees ot dedeen era
Caprophage
Ruminants
Regents Biology
Tell Ime
about
eat
the rabbits,
WHAT!
again,
George!
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
EAT
Let’s build
X some
Carbohydrates!
Regents Biology
2006-2007