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1. Find two ways to group these animals.
2. What characteristics did you use for each of your classifications?
Question 1
How did Aristotle group organisms such as birds,
bats, and insects?
A. by their common genus
B. by their analogous structures
C. by their common species
D. by their homologous structures
The answer is B. The organisms were grouped
together because of their wings, which, in this case,
are analogous structures.
Question 2
Which taxon contains the fewest species?
A.
B.
C.
D.
genus
family
order
phylum
The answer is A, genus.
Question 4
What is the difference between “classification” and
“taxonomy?”
Answer
Classification is the grouping of objects or
information based on similarities. Taxonomy is the
branch of biology that classifies and names
organisms based on their different characteristics.
Question 5
What are the two parts that make up
binomial nomenclature?
Answer
Binomial nomenclature comprises a genus name
followed by a specific epithet.
Today, you will create your own mythological beast, and
classify it using taxonomic nomenclature.
Some things to remember:
• Your beast must be a composite of between four and
six other animals
• You must classify your beast according to all its
characteristics (Use the computer) using complete
taxonomic nomenclature
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, species
•You must give the characteristics of your
mythological beast, such as: what it eats, how it
reproduces, family structure, lifespan, dimorphisms
For Example:
Medusa was part woman, and part
snake. In some stories, she has
rattles at the end of her tail. Instead
of hair, she has a head full of snakes.
Her taxonomic nomenclature might be:
Medusa is a female species, who is so
ugly she can turn anyone who looks at
her directly to stone. She eats humans.
She reproduces once in her life with a
male rattlesnake, and has a litter of up to
100 (females only). She is a solitary
organism, as no other can stand to be
with her. She is immortal, and can only be
killed by looking at herself in a mirror. As
she is one of a kind, there is no
dimorphism.
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia/Mammalia
Order: Squamata/Primata
Family: Viperidae/Hominidae
Genus: Crotalus/Homo
Species: willardi/sapiens
Section Objectives
• Compare the six kingdoms of organisms.
• Describe how evolutionary relationships
are determined.
• Explain how classification reveals
evolutionary relationships.
All living things are classified into one of 6 kingdoms.
The six kingdoms are:
1. Eubacteria
(Monera)
2. Archaebacteria
(Monera)
6. Animalia
4. Fungi
3. Protista
5. Plantae
The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
• The six kingdoms of organisms are:
archaebacteria
eubacteria
protists
fungi
plants
animals
• In general, differences in cellular structures
and methods of obtaining energy are the two
main characteristics that distinguish among
the members of the six kingdoms.
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Until recently bacteria and archaebacteria
were together in the kingdom Monera.
Because of discoveries over the last 20
years scientists have decided that they are
so different that they should have their
own kingdom.
Each Kingdom has a set of
characteristics that bind the
organisms in that group
together. These
characteristics are not ‘rules’
but more like guidelines.
Eubacteria
Size:
Microscopic
Cell Structure:
Prokaryotic (small and simple) cells
No nucleus (brain of the cell)
No organelles (tiny organs of the cell)
Single-celled – only 1 cell big / unicellular
Eubacteria
Environments:
Found in most common
environments – water,
soil, mouth …
Nutrients:
Most bacteria cannot
make their own food
and therefore must live
in or on other
organisms
FYI: one of the oldest
and most successful
groups of organisms on
earth
Useful bacterium.
Bacteria, such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus,
which turns milk into yogurt, can be useful
to humans.
Eubacteria
• Although some eubacteria cause diseases,
such as strep throat and pneumonia, most
bacteria are harmless and many are actually
helpful.
Lactobacillus casei
Streptococcus
Archaebacteria
Cell Structure:
Prokaryotic cells
No nucleus
No organelles
Single celled
Size:
Microscopic
Archaebacteria
Environments:
Usually found
‘extreme’
environments
Such as highly
acidic lakes, the
bottom of the
ocean, in ice
flows, or in
boiling hot mud
or water
Archaebacteria
Nutrients:
Most
archaebacteria
have to digest
chemicals not
useable (toxic) by
other organisms
FYI:
one of the
oldest and most
successful
groups of
organisms on
earth
Protists
Cell Structure:
Size:
Eukaryotic cells
Microscopic/
Macroscopic
Has a nucleus
Has organelles
Often multi-cellular
but sometimes
single celled
They lack complex
organ systems
Protists
Environments:
Found in most
common
ponds, lakes
environments.
Nutrients:
Many
protists
make their
own food,
but some
cannot.
FYI:
This is the ‘catch all’ kingdom. If an
organism does not fit into another
kingdom it often winds up here.
Protists
• Some are plant-like autotrophs, some are
animal-like heterotrophs, and others are
fungus-like heterotrophs that produce
reproductive structures like those of fungi.
Fungi
Size:
Macroscopic
Cell Structure:
Eukaryotic cells
Has a nucleus
Has organelles
Most are Multi-cellular
Fungi
Environments:
Found in most moist and
warm areas, often near
dead material
Nutrients:
FYI:
Used to be classified
with plants but now
we know they are
different enough to
have their own
kingdom.
Cannot make
their own food
so fungi must
live on or in
organic
materials –
athlete’s foot,
ring worm,
diaper rash
Plantae
Cell Structure:
Eukaryotic cells
Has a nucleus
Has organelles
Size:
Multi-cellular
Macroscopic
Has a large vacuole
Has a cell wall
Environments:
Found in most areas where
freshwater and sunlight can be found
Plantae
Nutrients:
Are able to make
their own food by
harnessing energy
from the sun
Plantae
FYI:
Many organisms
depend on plants
because they have
the ability to make
food using the
energy from the sun
= photosynthesis
Animalia
Cell Structure:
Eukaryotic cells
Has a nucleus
Has organelles
mitochondria, ER,
lysosomes
Size:
Macroscopic
Multi-cellular
–
Animalia
Environments:
Found in most areas where they can
find other organisms to eat.
FYI: Most
animals
have some
sort of
nervous
system
and the
majority
of animal
species
live in
oceans.
Animalia
Nutrients:
Cannot
make their
own food
so animals
must eat
plants,
hunt, filter
feed, or
scavenge
for food.
Question 1
Why do taxonomists use Latin names
for classification?
Answer
Latin is no longer used in conversation
and, therefore, does not change.
Question 2
Which taxon contains the others?
A.
B.
C.
D.
order
class
genus
family
The answer is B.
Question 3
Which of the following pairs of terms
is NOT related?
A. specific epithet – genus
B. binomial nomenclature – Linnaeus
C. biology – taxonomy
D. Aristotle – evolutionary relationships
The answer is D.
Question 4
Which of the following is NOT true of both
the animal and plant kingdoms?
A.
B.
C.
D.
both contain organisms made up of cells
tissues are organized into organs
cells are organized into tissues
cells contain cell walls
The answer is D.
Question 5
How do organisms in the fungi kingdom
obtain energy?
They absorb nutrients.
Question 6
What is the difference between the habitats
of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?
Archaebacteria live in
extreme environments.