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Microorganisms and Human Disease Microbiology - Virology Microbiology refers to the study of life and organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Virology – Study of viruses Microbes = Microorganisms Minute living things that individually are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They include bacteria, protozoa, fungi and microscopic algae. It also includes viruses, those noncellular entities sometimes regarded as being at the boarder of life and nonlife. Microbes can be present on any surface Soil Air Food Solids Liquids Bacteria Are alive. They can reproduce without a host. Some are Heterotrophs, they eat organic material waste. Single-celled. Prokaryote – genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. Opposite of Eukarote. Generally reproduce by dividing into two equal daughter cells – called binary fission. Shape – Most commonly are rod-like, spherical, ovoid and spiral. Uncommon shapes include starshaped and square. Cocci Bacilli Spirilla Simplest Forms of Life!!!! Bacteria are very small. The average bacterium is about one micron in length that means you could line up about 1000 bacteria end to end on the head of a pin. If you were to add up the weight of all the bacteria on the planet, it would come out to about 20 times the weight of all the people, animals, and plants on earth! That’s a lot of bacteria! A mountain or the tip of a pin? Oh no we are outnumbered! So you may be wondering, with so many bacteria out there, why don’t we get sick more often? That’s because there are actually very few kinds of bacteria that make people sick. Pathogenic bacteria – disease producing or cause bacterial disease Many bacteria are beneficial. Good Bacteria Archaebacteria – bacteria that make their homes in extreme environments Thermoacidophiles – live in extreme heat Methanogens – live in anaerobic (no oxygen) environments Halophiles – live in highly salty environments Bacteria Video Bacteria__A_Review.asf.lnk What is making me sick? Before the discovery of microbes people believed the cause of illness and death was due to cast spells, touching toads, and punishments from God. The first Observations In 1665 the first microbes were viewed with the help of a crude microscope. Between1673-1723, Anton van Leeuwenhoek wrote and drew pictures of what he called “animalcules” that he scraped from his teeth. Strep Throat – Where at school can you catch it? MRSA – Staphylococcus aureus – where at school can you catch it? Lyme Disease – Where at school can you catch it? Tetanus – Where at school can you catch it? Tooth decay Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis Antibiotics: A fortunate accident. Are powerful medicines that fight bacterial infections The first antibiotic was discovered in 1928. Alexander Fleming was about to throw out some culture plates contaminated by mold when he noticed that bacteria had stopped growing around the area of mold. Antibiotic Video Do you have any questions so far? Viruses In 1935, an American chemist, William M. Stanley, isolated the tobacco mosaic virus. At about the same time the invention of the electron microscope made it possible to see viruses for the first time. Viruses Are smaller in size than bacteria. They are acellular. They are simple in structure – a core with either DNA or RNA Have to have a host cell in order to multiply. Antibiotics do not cure viral diseases Shape – crystal, cylinder, sphere, spacecraft Shapes Viral Disease A viral infection is any type of illness or disease caused by a virus. A viral infection occurs when a virus enters the body through such processes as breathing air contaminated with a virus, or insect bite. Vaccines can give one immunity from viral disease Virus Video Introduction_to_Viruses.asf.lnk Varicella – Chicken Pox Mumps & Measles Epstein-Barr Virus: Mono - “The Kissing Disease” Human Papillomavirus “Warts” Hepatitis C Immunity Video Immunity_and_Vaccination.asf.lnk Any questions about viruses? Ticks and Fleas and Mosquitoes! Oh my! A vector is an insect or any living carrier that transmits an infectious agent. Bubonic Plague The Black Death, a medieval pandemic that swept through Asia and Europe. It reached Europe in the late 1340s, killing an estimated 25 million people. The Black Death lingered on for centuries, particularly in cities. Parasites – an organism that derives nutrients from a living host Head Lice - causes itching Tapeworms - causes malnutrition Malaria – causes death Giardia – causes diarrhea Mutagen – an agent in the environment that causes mutations in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Caused by chemicals – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – Alcohol (wine, beer, or liquor) is the leading known preventable cause of mental and physical birth defects in the United States. Caused by radiation – even ultraviolet light Now that your totally grossed out do you have questions? Yikes! Can I Catch It? Infectious Disease A disease that can be transmitted from: Person to person Animal to person Insect to person AIDS Colds Flu Noninfectious disease A disease that cannot be shared from one person to another. Asthma Cancer Epilepsy Personal conditions that promote disease. Poor hygiene Weak immune system A break in skin Overuse of antibiotics How do we catch a disease? By inhalation - “catching a cold” By ingesting Through any body opening Through a break in the skin How does my body defend itself? Skin, hair, mucus, tears Stomach acid Inflammation, fever, vomiting, diarrhea Immune system Epidemic or Pandemic? Conditions Conducive to disease Poverty Unsanitary food and water Overcrowding Animals Poor sanitation What does our future hold? Even though the United States has continued to grow in population, the rate of deaths by infectious disease has decreased. Do you think the US will continue to sustain this trajectory? Why or why not? Last chance for questions!