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KINGDOM PROTISTA Plant-like- Algae Animal-like- Protozoa Fungi-like- Slime Molds PHYLUM CHOROPHYTA (GREEN ALGAE) GREEN ALGAE • CHLAMYDOMONAS • SPIROGYRA • Movement- two flagella (swimming type motion) • Pyrenoid- synthesizes starch • Red eyespot • Chloroplasts • Sexual and asexual reproduction • Cell wall • End-to-end chains of cells or filaments • Attach to rocks and other objects • Ponds and streams • Ribbonlike appearance • Sexual reproductionconjugation • Chloroplasts CONTINUED GREEN ALGAE • ULVA (sea lettuce) • • • • Chlorophyll a and b Stores reserve food as starch Thallus- body of two cells thick Alternation of generation- next generation identical copies VOLVOX • Well-known colonial green algae • Hollow sphere with thousands of cells with watery interior • Cells cooperate with flagella beating in a coordinative fashion • Asexual reproduction • Daughter colony resides within the parent colony for a time PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA (RED ALGAE) RED ALGAE • GRACILARIA AND GELIDIUM • Ocean habitat • Simple filaments to complex branches with feathery, flat ribbon-like appearance • Commercially- agar, vitamins, drugs, dental impressions, cosmetics • Red in color • Agar for growing bacteria cultures • Gelatin for jams and jellies PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA (BROWN ALGAE) BROWN ALGAE • LAMINARIA (KELP) • Largest sea weed in ocean • Holdfasts- holds kelp to ocean floor • Bladder- allows blades to float to ocean surface • Chlorophylls a and c • Commercially- human food, fertilizers, ice cream, sherbet, cream cheese • Other types: • Macrocystis • Fucus PHYLUM CHRYSOPHYTA • DIATOMS • • • • • • • Some golden-brown algae and some yellow-green algae Freshwater and marine environments Resemble hat box (two part shelltop and a bottom) Asexual and sexual reproduction Cell wall of silica (commonly used to make glass) Diatomaceous earth- remains of diatoms on the ocean floor Commercially- filters, polishes, toothpaste, soundproof materials PHYLUM PYRROPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATES) • • • • • • • • Chlorophylls a and c Yellow-green and some brown Locomotion- Two flagella Bioluminescence (produces light) Food for small animals in ocean Some lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic Overpopulation can cause “Red Tide” (gives the appearance of the water appearing red) which can cause massive fish kills Humans who consume shellfish that have fed during Red Tide can get ill from toxic poisons PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA (EUGLENA) • Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs (no chloroplasts) • Locomotion- flagella • Eyespot to sense light • Ponds and ditches • Some photosynthetic • Contractile vacuoles • Nucleus PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGOPHORA (ZOOFLAGELLATES) • Heterotrophic protozoans • Some parasiticTrypanosoma transmit African Sleeping Sickness as the tsetse fly becomes the carrier • Disease causes infection of WBCs and inadequate supply of oxygen to the brain PHYLUM CILIOPHORA (CILIATES) PARAMECIUM • • • • • • • • • Phylum Ciliophora Locomotion- cilia Free living/ no diseases Found in ditches and ponds Trichocysts- oval capsule under the pellicle Food and contractile vacuoles Oral groove and gullet Binary fission/conjugation Macro- and micronuclei STENTOR • PHYLUM CILIOPHORA • Vase-shaped • Expands to consume paramecium • Cilia lines the top PHYLUM RHIZODOPA (AMOEBA) • Locomotion- pseudopod • Phagocytosis • Most common- amoeba proteus • Food and contractile vacuole • Nucleus • Cytoplasm in plasma membrane • Entamoeba histolytica- lives in human intestines and causes amoebic dysentery (can be fatal) PHYLUM ACTINOPODA (FORAMINIFERAS) • • • • Made of calcium carbonate Multi-chambered Locomotion-Pseudopod Dead foraminiferas collect on the bottom of the ocean floor and are indicators of oil deposits • Millions of years ago they collected and formed the White Cliffs of Dover in England • Some found in pyramids the size of silver dollars • Some also found in Mississippi PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA (SPOROZOANS) PLASMODIUM • • • • • Immovable except by host Causes malaria Life cycle alternates sexual and asexual phases Anopheles mosquitoes are the carriers Release toxic substances into the blood that invade the red blood cells • Replicate in red blood cells and burst open • Symptoms: fever, chills Pneumocystic carinii • Type of pneumonia seen in AIDS patients • Cysts form in lining of air sacs • Cysts containing spores divide until bursts open and spores released SLIME MOLDS • PHYLUM MYXOMYCOTA • PHYLUM ACRASIOMYCOTA • Sporangium- reproductive structure that produces spores • Feed on phagocytic decaying plants in forest areas or agricultural fields • Spores can survive dry areas until moisture is sufficient for them to germinate • Reproduces with spores • Common in soil where they feed on bacteria and yeasts • Pseudoplasmodium • Reproduces with spores
