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What is biotechnology? Recombinant DNA • combining DNA from different organisms • Restriction enzymes cut DNA into pieces • DNA ligase splices pieces into plasmids or other cloning vectors How to form recombinant DNA? Recombinant DNA can be cloned by inserting it into host cells such as bacteria host cell divides • forms huge populations of genetically identical daughter cells • each clone has a copy of the foreign DNA What is complementary DNA (cDNA)? RNA cannot be cloned directly Reverse transcriptase (viral enzyme) converts single-stranded RNA into cDNA for cloning HIV works this way! What is DNA sequencing? DNA sequencing • Reveals order of bases in a piece of DNA • Uses DNA polymerase to partially replicate a DNA template How to analyzing DNA ? DNA Fingerprints Number and distribution of copies of a short DNA sequence is unique in each individual • Revealed by gel electrophoresis (DNA fingerprint) • separates fragments into bands by length What is genomics? Genomics • study of human genome • genomes of several organisms are equenced Comparative genomics • similarities and differences between different organisms • predictive tool in research Some genetically engineered results! bacteria -medicine, agriculture, industry, and ecology corn hybrid- better yield fish, mouse for green fluorsecent protein pig, monkey -experiments