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Chapter 5 Marine Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi and Plants All are primary producers which are capable of using light energy to perform photosynthesis Kingdom Monera (Bacteria) • Prokaryotic, single-celled • 3 types of bacteria – Heterotrophic – Photosynthetic – Chemosynthetic Heterotrophic bacteria • Obtain energy from other organisms • Decomposers = decay bacteria • Recycle essential nutrients Autotrophic bacteria • Make their own organic compounds 1. Photosynthetic 2. Chemosynthetic: release energy from chemical compounds such as H2S & CH4 Cyanobacteria • Blue-green algae, primitive plant-like bacteria • Phylum Cyanobacteria • First photosynthetic organisms on earth Stromatolites • Calcareous (fossil) mounds formed by blue-green algae 3 b.y.a. Red tides • Some are caused by cyanobacteria – Cause rashes on swimmers Kingdom Protista • Algae - aquatic, photosynthetic organisms • Eukaryotic • Single and multicellular Diatoms Kingdom Protista Phylum Chrysophyta • • • • Unicellular Silica (glass) cell walls Important Primary producers Diatomaceous earth : – Filters for swimming pools – Temperature and sound insulators – Abrasives (toothpaste) Blooms • Period of rapid diatom or dinoflagellate reproduction Dinoflagellates Kingdom Protista Phylum Pyrrophyta • • • • Planktonic, unicellular Almost all are marine Red tides Release toxins (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) that are concentrated by shellfish • Bioluminescence Noctiluca Zooxanthellae • Dinoflagellate that lives in the tissue of marine animals such as corals, clams, etc. • When Zooxanthellae leave the corals, they turn white = Coral Bleaching Foraminiferans Radiolarians Protozoans • Simple, animal-like protists • Ingest food and are photosynthetic • Single-celled • Foraminiferans have a shell or “test” of CaCO3 • Radiolarians secrete shells of silica Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular eukaryotic • 500 marine species • Decompose dead organic matter Kingdom Plantae • Seaweeds (Macroalgae) – All eukaryotic – Lack true stems, leaves and roots – Most are multicellular • Challenges to Seaweeds – Wave action and turbulence – Competition for light and space – Predators Structure of Seaweed • Thallus – complete plant • Blades - leaf-like portion • Pneumatocysts - gas filled bladders (filled w/CO2) • Holdfast - root-like structure (anchors)holds on to bottom • Stipe – stem Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae) Ulva • Mostly freshwater and terrestrial • 10% of species are marine Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) • Almost all species are marine • Sargassum (Sargasso seaweed) • Macrocystis (Giant Kelp) – plants grow up to 300 ft – can grow 20”/day – form kelp beds or kelp forests – Harvested for Algin (used in cosmetics and ice cream). Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae) • Highest commercial value • Fertilizer and animal feed • Agar and carrageenan: gelling and thickening agents • Coralline algae: have calcium carbonate in cell walls. • Species: Nori (Porphyra), Irish Moss