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Taxonomy
Taxonomy
 Taxonomy from Greek verb tassein = "to
classify" and nomos = law, science
Taxonomy is the science of classifying
(finding, describing and naming) living
things
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientists use Greek and Latin because:
 It is a dead language, so it is no longer
evolving
Binomial Nomenclature
When Scientists refer to organisms,
they use Genus species names
instead of common names.
 Organisms may have more than one
common name
Dog
Canis lupis
Spanish - perro
French – chien
German – Hund
Italian – cane
Russian - собака
Mermaid’s Wineglass
Mermaid’s Teacup
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientists use Genus species names
because:
 Organisms may have more than one
common name
 The same common name can refer to
more than one organism
Sea Robin
Seven Levels of Taxonomy
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
}
These are the two names that
scientists use when they call the
organism by its scientific name.
First taxonomic system:
 Two kingdoms –
 Plants – photosynthetic
 Animals – ate the plants
What about mushrooms, which do neither?
Microscope was invented – what about
euglena, which does both?
Kingdom Monera
 Single Cell
 Simple Cell Structure - prokaryotic
 No membrane-bound organelles
 No membrane-bound nucleus
 Can be photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
 Bacteria and blue-green algae
(cyanobacteria)
Photosynthesis
sunlight
H2O + CO2
]
nutrients
O2 + Sugar
Bacilli
Cocci
Blue-green
algae
Cyanobacteria
Kingdom Protista
 This is a catch-all kingdom. Anything that doesn’t
fit neatly into another kingdom goes here.
 Complex Cell Structure - eukaryotic
 Membrane-bound organelles
 membrane-bound nucleus
 Can be unicellular or multicellular
 Often have both plant and animal characteristics
Protozoans – ie. amoeba, paramecium, euglena
diatom, dinoflagellate,
Non-vascular Plants – Algae
Blades - photosynthetic
Stipe – holds blades up in
the water column
Holdfast – anchors algae
Photosynthesis
sunlight
H2O + CO2
]
nutrients
O2 + Sugar
Photosynthesis
Respiration
H2O + CO2
]
O2 + Sugar
Respiration
O2 + Sugar
]
H2O + CO2 + ATP
ATP is cellular energy. It is used by
organisms to carry out life processes.
Paramecium
Euglena
Dinoflagellates
2 unequal flagella
Cellulose cell wall
Approx 1200
marine species
Dominant in warm
water environments
Almost exclusively
marine
- Responsible for
red tides
- Can be
bioluminescent
Diatoms
SiO2 cell walls
Approx 12,000 marine species
Mostly planktonic
Dominant type of plankton in
cold water environment
Algae
Green Algae
Chlorophyta
Green Pigment - chlorophyll
6,000 to 7,000 species
10% Marine
Brown Algae
Phaeophyta
Pigment – fucoxanthin
(yellow) and chlorophyll
Almost exclusively marine
Approx 1500 species
Kelp – up to 330 feet tall
Red Algae
Rhodophyta
Red pigment – phycoblins
mask chlorophyll
Approximately 4000 species
Almost exclusively marine
Kingdom Fungi
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Complex Cell Structure
Most Multicellular
Absorb Food
Reproduce Using Spores
Mushroom, mold, yeast
Lichens – symbiotic relationship between an
algae and a fungus
Mushrooms
Mold on Mushrooms
Yeast
Lichens
Common in
nearshore
areas
Kingdom Plantae
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Complex Cell Structure
Multicellular
Photosynthetic
Vascular Plants (have transport system)
 Leaves, stem, roots
 Grass, trees, flowers
 250,000 species
 Seagrasses are the only truly marine plant
Seagrass
Turtle Grass
Manatee Grass
Not a true grass.
Relative of the lily.
Pollen and seeds disperse
via water.
OBLIGATE HALOPHYTE
Shoal Grass
Trees
Mangroves
Black Mangrove
Red Mangrove
Mangroves
White Mangroves
Land Plants that
can tolerate salt
About 80 species
Only the roots are
covered by salt
water
Kingdom Animalia
 Multicellular
 Complex Cell Structure
 Ingests Food
 Sponges, jellyfish, sea stars, insects,
fish, lions, tigers, bears
Five Kingdoms
 Monera
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia