Download Slide 1

CLASSIFICATION
2 million species identified and named
Estimated total number ---100 million
TAXANOMY: The branch of biology that deals with the
classification of organisms.
EARLY EFFORTS IN
CLASSIFICATION
Aristotle (Fourth century B.C. );
 grouped animals according to their physical features =
empirical or artificial classification
 not scientific
John Ray (1600’s)
 was the first scientist to use the term species
 Species is a natural group of similar organsims that
interbreed (mating within the same species) in nature.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Carl von Linnaeus (1700s)
 Swedish botanist
 is the founder of modern taxonomy
 grouped organisms according to their structural
similarities
 gave a two-word Latin name to each organism
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Linnaeus named each species with a genus name followed by
a single descriptive name.
Ex:
Felis
domesticus
genus specific name
name that defines
properties of the
organism
species name
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Gammarus anatoliensis
Rhinoderma darwinii
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Vipera barani
Acanthodactylus
harranensis
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Pinus nigra
Pinus sylvestris
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
Number of
individuals
decrease
Number of
shared
characteristics
decrease
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
CLASSIFICATION OF SOME ORGANISMS
WHAT TO LOOK AT WHEN CLASSIFYING
Classification is based
on:
 Homologous organs
 Similarities in
embryonic development
 Similarities in protein
and enzyme structure
 Similarities in DNA
 Fossil information
 Cellular structure
 Behavioral characters
WHAT TO LOOK AT WHEN CLASSIFYING
Homologous organs:
 Organs which have similar internal structures, but different
functions
 They develop from the same embryonic origin
Analogous organs:
 Organs which have the
same function but have
different internal structures
 They have different
embryonic origins
 Analogous structures are
not used in classification
SIX KINGDOMS
VIRUSES
 A virus is a noncellular particle
made up of genetic material and
protein that can invade living cells.
 A typical virus is composed of a
core nucleic acid surrounded by a
protein coat called capsid.
 Depending on the virus, the
nucleic acid is either DNA or RNA,
but never both.
PROPERTIES OF A VIRUS
They do not have a
cytoplasm and
metabolism.
They may have
several shape and
size.
They are composed
of a protein coat
(capsid) and a
nucleic acid which
can either be DNA or
RNA.
PROPERTIES OF A VIRUS
Each virus can invade
specific cells.
They are not affected
from antibiotics, but
they are affected from
physical and chemical
treatments.
They are obligate
inner parasites. They
have to be in a host
cell in order to be
living.
PROPERTIES OF A VIRUS
Viruses can be classified according to their host
cells or nucleic material.
Animal Viruses
DNA viruses
Disease caused by the virus
Hepatic virus
Liver malfunctioning
Herpes simplex
Herpes
Poxvirus
Smallpox
RNA viruses
Disease caused by the virus
Rhabdovirus
Rabies
Orthomixovirus
Influenza
VIRUSES
T4 BACTERIOPHAGE
LIFE CYCLES OF VIRUSES
LYTIC CYCLE
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
The viruses that
invade living
cells and then
cause the cells
lyse, or burst.
The virus does not
reproduce and lyse its
host cell right away.
The DNA of of the
virus enters the cell
and is inserted into
the DNA of the host
cell.
VIRUSES
VIRUSES
STAGES OF LYTIC CYCLE
1. The virus attaches to the surface of host cell by its tail
fibers.
2. The virus then injects its DNA into the cell.
3. The DNA of the virus is integrated into the DNA of
the host cell.
4. As the virus takes over, it uses the materials of the
host cell to make thousands of copies of its own protein
coat and DNA.
5. The DNA molecules are covered with protein coat and
other parts of the new virus are assembled.
6. The infected cell bursts and relases viruses that will
infect other cells.
LYTIC CYCLE
STAGES OF LYSOGENIC CYCLE
• In lysogenic infection, the virus does not reproduce
and lyse the host cell right away. Instead, the DNA of
the virus enters the cell and is inserted into the DNA
of the host cell.
• Once inserted into the host cell’s DNA, the viral DNA
is known as prophage.
• The prophage may remain part of the DNA of the
host cell for many generations.
• Eventually, the DNA of the prophage will become
active, remove itself from the host cell’s DNA and
redirect the synthesis of new virus particles. So, the
lytic cycles begins.
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
PROKARYOTES
ARCHAEBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA
They lack peptidoglycan
cell wall.
They can be found
everywhere.
Their membrane lipids
are different.
Cell wall is made of
peptidoglycan.
Their DNA sequence is
like those in eukaryotic
organisms.
 They live in extreme
conditions.
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Halophiles (Salt lovers)
Thermophiles
Methanogens
EUBACTERIA
Cyanobacteria
(Blue-green bacteria)
Streptococci
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF
PROKARYOTES
 All have cytoplasm
 They don’t have nucleus
 All have cell walls
 All have ribosomes
 Some have flagella for active
movement
 Some have mesosomes for aerobic
respiration
 Pathogens have capsule
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
Bacteria can be classified according to their
 shapes
 oxygen needs
 Gram staining
 way of nutrition
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO SHAPE
 Bacilli (rod-shaped)
 Spirilla (spiral-shaped)
 Cocci (sphere-shaped)
 Vibrios (comma-shaped)
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO GRAM
STAINING
Gram (+) bacteria:
Gram (-) bacteria:
Take purple color.
Take pink color.
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO OXYGEN
NEEDS
 Obligate Aerobes:
They require oxygen in
order to survive.
 Obligate Anaerobes:
They must live in places
with almost no oxygen.
Oxygen may poison them.
 Facultative
Anaerobes:
They don’t need oxygen,
but they can survive in
the presence of oxygen.
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION
Heterotrophs
Parasites
Mutualists
Saprophytes
Autotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Photoautotrophs
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION
Heterotrophs
(They do not produce their own food)
Parasites
they do not have
digestive enzymes, so
they have to live in
places where digested
food is present.
Ex: human digestive
tract, blood, cells
Some are pathogens
Saprophytes
They live on the
leftovers of the dead
bodies of animals and
plants.
They convert organic
molecules into inorganic
molecules
They are important
for egological balance
Mutualists
They live within
organisms but provide
them favorable
conditions and dont
harm them
Ex: bacteria in
digestive tract of
herbivores help them
digest cellulose
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION
Autotrophs
(They can produce their own food)
Photoautotrophs
 they are
photosynthetic
They have chlorophyll
and other pigments to
absorb light energy
Ex: cyanobacteria
Chemoautotrophs
 they get energy
needed to synthesize
food molecules by
oxidizing inorganic
substances like
sulphure, iron,
hydrogen, nitrogen.
Ex: Sulfur bacteria
PROTISTA
 Represented by 20.000 species
“Any eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, animal or
plant”
 Mostly unicellular, but there are multicellular examples
 Can live in colonies, but there are no differentiated cells
or tissues
 They live in a watery environment, in salty oceans, and
fresh water or in moist soil.
Can be autotroph, heterotroph or switch to both ways if
necessary
 Some of them live as parasites
PROTISTA
 They do not have cell walls
 As they are eukaryotic organisms, they have a membranebounded nucleus containing the hereditary material
 They reproduce mostly by binary fission.
PROTISTA
Protozoa
Algae
(Animallike Protists)
(Plantlike Protists)
Sarcodines
Flagellata
Sporozoans
Cilliates
Unicelllar
algae
Multicellular
algae
Funguslike
Protists
PROTISTA
FLAGELLATA
EX: Euglena
PROTISTA
SARCODİNA
CILIATA
Ex: Ameba
Ex: Paramecium
PROTISTA
SPOROZOA
ÖR: PLAZMODIUM
AMOEBA
Under the microscope, the ameba
appears as a transparent mass that
constantly changes shape.
It has ever-changing extensions
called pseudopods (falsefeet).
Ameba moves by falsefeet and also
it uses them to obtain food.
They take in food by phagocytosis
into a food vacuole. As the food is
digested, the temporary food
vacuole disappears.
There is also a contractile vacuole
which pumps out excess water.
PARAMECIUM
 Lives mainly in quite or stagnate
pools.
It has a protectice covering called
pellicle.
It has short, hairlike projections
called cillia for movement.
Food particles enter through oral
groove.
Wastes are removed from anal pore.
It has two nuclei; one is
micronucleus that is responsible for
reproduction, the other one is
macronucleus that is responsible for
other metabolic activities.
It has contractile vacuole.
Contractile
vacuole
EUGLENA
They
 are plant-like protists
 live in ponds and
streams
 have flagella for
movement
 include chloroplasts
 have eyespot to sense
light
FUNGI
They
 have filamentous structure
 have multicellular and
unicellular forms.
 have chitin in their cell
walls.
 absorb their food from the
environment or they are
saprobes.
 reproduce by spores
 store glycogen
 don’t have real roots
can live as parasites
FUNGI
Imperfect fungi
Sporangium Fungi
(Ağaç mantarları)
(Küf mantarları)
Sac fungi
(Maya mantarları)
Club Fungi
(Şapkalı
mantarlar)
FUNGI
LICHENS:
(imperfect fungi)
food and O2
Lichen
Fungus + Algae
CO2 , H2O, protection,
moisture, attachment
site
PLANTAE
Non-vascular plants
Vascular plants
(Damarsız bitkiler)
(Damarlı bitkiler)
Seedles plants
Seeded plants
(Tohumsuz bitkiler)
(Tohumlu bitkiler)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
(Açık tohumlular)
(Kapalı tohumlular)
Monocot
Dicot
PLANTAE
Non-vascular plants
(Damarsız bitkiler)
MOSSES
LIVERWORTS
PLANTAE
VASCULAR SEEDLESS PLANTS
FERNS
HORSE TAILS
PLANTAE
SEEDED PLANTS
GYMNOSPERMS (KOZALAKLILAR=AÇIK TOHUMLULAR)
ÇAM AĞACI
PLANTAE
ANGIOSPERMS (KAPALI TOHUMLULAR)
MONOCOT PLANTS
DICOT PLANTS
PLANTAE
ANIMALIA
General Properties of Animals:
 They are multicellular and eukaryotic
 They do aerobic respiration to gain energy
They can move and most have muscles to move.
They respond to changes in the environment.
Most of the reproduce sexulally but there are some species that
reproduce asexually.
Except sponges, they all have a body symmetry.
They are classified as cold – blooded (fish, amphibians, rept,les)
and warm –blooded (birds, mammals) according to their body
temperature.
ANIMALIA
On the basis of having a backbone or not, animals are classified as
follows:
Chordates
Invertebrates
Porifera (Sponges)
Coelenterates
Worms
Mollusks
Arthropods
Nonvertebrates
Vertebrates
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Echinoderms
Mammals
INVERTEBRATES
SPONGES
COELENTERATES
INVERTEBRATES
ROUND WORMS
FLAT WORMS
INVERTEBRATES
EARTHWORMS
MOLLUSCS
INVERTEBRATES
ARTHROPODS
INVERTEBRATES
ECHINODERMS
CHORDATES
NON - VERTEBRATES
AMPHIOXUS
TUNICATES
VERTEBRATES
Major Taxonomic Groups
KINGDOM
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Cell type
prokaryotic
prokaryotic
Body form
unicellular
unicellular
Cell wall
have cell walls lack
peptidoglycan
have cell walls
made up of
peptidoglycan
Major Taxonomic Groups
KINGDOM
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Nutrition
Nervous
system
Locomotion
autotrophic
heterotrophic
absent
autotrophic
heterotrophic
absent
present in some
Present in some
Major Taxonomic Groups
KINGDOM
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell type
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
Body form
most
unicellular,
some simple
multicellular
most
multicellular
multicellular
multicellular
Organs,
sytems
Cell wall
present in
some
usually chitin
cellulose
No cell wall
Major Taxonomic Groups
KINGDOM
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Nutrition
photosynthesis absorbtion photosynthesis
ingestion or
absorbtion
ingestion
Nervous
system
absent
absent
absent
present
Locomotion
present in
some
absent
absent
present