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CLASSIFICATION 2 million species identified and named Estimated total number ---100 million TAXANOMY: The branch of biology that deals with the classification of organisms. EARLY EFFORTS IN CLASSIFICATION Aristotle (Fourth century B.C. ); grouped animals according to their physical features = empirical or artificial classification not scientific John Ray (1600’s) was the first scientist to use the term species Species is a natural group of similar organsims that interbreed (mating within the same species) in nature. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Carl von Linnaeus (1700s) Swedish botanist is the founder of modern taxonomy grouped organisms according to their structural similarities gave a two-word Latin name to each organism BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Linnaeus named each species with a genus name followed by a single descriptive name. Ex: Felis domesticus genus specific name name that defines properties of the organism species name BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Gammarus anatoliensis Rhinoderma darwinii BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Vipera barani Acanthodactylus harranensis BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Pinus nigra Pinus sylvestris TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES Number of individuals decrease Number of shared characteristics decrease TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES CLASSIFICATION OF SOME ORGANISMS WHAT TO LOOK AT WHEN CLASSIFYING Classification is based on: Homologous organs Similarities in embryonic development Similarities in protein and enzyme structure Similarities in DNA Fossil information Cellular structure Behavioral characters WHAT TO LOOK AT WHEN CLASSIFYING Homologous organs: Organs which have similar internal structures, but different functions They develop from the same embryonic origin Analogous organs: Organs which have the same function but have different internal structures They have different embryonic origins Analogous structures are not used in classification SIX KINGDOMS VIRUSES A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. A typical virus is composed of a core nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called capsid. Depending on the virus, the nucleic acid is either DNA or RNA, but never both. PROPERTIES OF A VIRUS They do not have a cytoplasm and metabolism. They may have several shape and size. They are composed of a protein coat (capsid) and a nucleic acid which can either be DNA or RNA. PROPERTIES OF A VIRUS Each virus can invade specific cells. They are not affected from antibiotics, but they are affected from physical and chemical treatments. They are obligate inner parasites. They have to be in a host cell in order to be living. PROPERTIES OF A VIRUS Viruses can be classified according to their host cells or nucleic material. Animal Viruses DNA viruses Disease caused by the virus Hepatic virus Liver malfunctioning Herpes simplex Herpes Poxvirus Smallpox RNA viruses Disease caused by the virus Rhabdovirus Rabies Orthomixovirus Influenza VIRUSES T4 BACTERIOPHAGE LIFE CYCLES OF VIRUSES LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE The viruses that invade living cells and then cause the cells lyse, or burst. The virus does not reproduce and lyse its host cell right away. The DNA of of the virus enters the cell and is inserted into the DNA of the host cell. VIRUSES VIRUSES STAGES OF LYTIC CYCLE 1. The virus attaches to the surface of host cell by its tail fibers. 2. The virus then injects its DNA into the cell. 3. The DNA of the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell. 4. As the virus takes over, it uses the materials of the host cell to make thousands of copies of its own protein coat and DNA. 5. The DNA molecules are covered with protein coat and other parts of the new virus are assembled. 6. The infected cell bursts and relases viruses that will infect other cells. LYTIC CYCLE STAGES OF LYSOGENIC CYCLE • In lysogenic infection, the virus does not reproduce and lyse the host cell right away. Instead, the DNA of the virus enters the cell and is inserted into the DNA of the host cell. • Once inserted into the host cell’s DNA, the viral DNA is known as prophage. • The prophage may remain part of the DNA of the host cell for many generations. • Eventually, the DNA of the prophage will become active, remove itself from the host cell’s DNA and redirect the synthesis of new virus particles. So, the lytic cycles begins. LYSOGENIC CYCLE PROKARYOTES ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA They lack peptidoglycan cell wall. They can be found everywhere. Their membrane lipids are different. Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. Their DNA sequence is like those in eukaryotic organisms. They live in extreme conditions. ARCHAEBACTERIA Halophiles (Salt lovers) Thermophiles Methanogens EUBACTERIA Cyanobacteria (Blue-green bacteria) Streptococci GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTES All have cytoplasm They don’t have nucleus All have cell walls All have ribosomes Some have flagella for active movement Some have mesosomes for aerobic respiration Pathogens have capsule CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA Bacteria can be classified according to their shapes oxygen needs Gram staining way of nutrition BACTERIA ACCORDING TO SHAPE Bacilli (rod-shaped) Spirilla (spiral-shaped) Cocci (sphere-shaped) Vibrios (comma-shaped) BACTERIA ACCORDING TO GRAM STAINING Gram (+) bacteria: Gram (-) bacteria: Take purple color. Take pink color. BACTERIA ACCORDING TO OXYGEN NEEDS Obligate Aerobes: They require oxygen in order to survive. Obligate Anaerobes: They must live in places with almost no oxygen. Oxygen may poison them. Facultative Anaerobes: They don’t need oxygen, but they can survive in the presence of oxygen. BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION Heterotrophs Parasites Mutualists Saprophytes Autotrophs Chemoautotrophs Photoautotrophs BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION Heterotrophs (They do not produce their own food) Parasites they do not have digestive enzymes, so they have to live in places where digested food is present. Ex: human digestive tract, blood, cells Some are pathogens Saprophytes They live on the leftovers of the dead bodies of animals and plants. They convert organic molecules into inorganic molecules They are important for egological balance Mutualists They live within organisms but provide them favorable conditions and dont harm them Ex: bacteria in digestive tract of herbivores help them digest cellulose BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION Autotrophs (They can produce their own food) Photoautotrophs they are photosynthetic They have chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb light energy Ex: cyanobacteria Chemoautotrophs they get energy needed to synthesize food molecules by oxidizing inorganic substances like sulphure, iron, hydrogen, nitrogen. Ex: Sulfur bacteria PROTISTA Represented by 20.000 species “Any eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, animal or plant” Mostly unicellular, but there are multicellular examples Can live in colonies, but there are no differentiated cells or tissues They live in a watery environment, in salty oceans, and fresh water or in moist soil. Can be autotroph, heterotroph or switch to both ways if necessary Some of them live as parasites PROTISTA They do not have cell walls As they are eukaryotic organisms, they have a membranebounded nucleus containing the hereditary material They reproduce mostly by binary fission. PROTISTA Protozoa Algae (Animallike Protists) (Plantlike Protists) Sarcodines Flagellata Sporozoans Cilliates Unicelllar algae Multicellular algae Funguslike Protists PROTISTA FLAGELLATA EX: Euglena PROTISTA SARCODİNA CILIATA Ex: Ameba Ex: Paramecium PROTISTA SPOROZOA ÖR: PLAZMODIUM AMOEBA Under the microscope, the ameba appears as a transparent mass that constantly changes shape. It has ever-changing extensions called pseudopods (falsefeet). Ameba moves by falsefeet and also it uses them to obtain food. They take in food by phagocytosis into a food vacuole. As the food is digested, the temporary food vacuole disappears. There is also a contractile vacuole which pumps out excess water. PARAMECIUM Lives mainly in quite or stagnate pools. It has a protectice covering called pellicle. It has short, hairlike projections called cillia for movement. Food particles enter through oral groove. Wastes are removed from anal pore. It has two nuclei; one is micronucleus that is responsible for reproduction, the other one is macronucleus that is responsible for other metabolic activities. It has contractile vacuole. Contractile vacuole EUGLENA They are plant-like protists live in ponds and streams have flagella for movement include chloroplasts have eyespot to sense light FUNGI They have filamentous structure have multicellular and unicellular forms. have chitin in their cell walls. absorb their food from the environment or they are saprobes. reproduce by spores store glycogen don’t have real roots can live as parasites FUNGI Imperfect fungi Sporangium Fungi (Ağaç mantarları) (Küf mantarları) Sac fungi (Maya mantarları) Club Fungi (Şapkalı mantarlar) FUNGI LICHENS: (imperfect fungi) food and O2 Lichen Fungus + Algae CO2 , H2O, protection, moisture, attachment site PLANTAE Non-vascular plants Vascular plants (Damarsız bitkiler) (Damarlı bitkiler) Seedles plants Seeded plants (Tohumsuz bitkiler) (Tohumlu bitkiler) Gymnosperms Angiosperms (Açık tohumlular) (Kapalı tohumlular) Monocot Dicot PLANTAE Non-vascular plants (Damarsız bitkiler) MOSSES LIVERWORTS PLANTAE VASCULAR SEEDLESS PLANTS FERNS HORSE TAILS PLANTAE SEEDED PLANTS GYMNOSPERMS (KOZALAKLILAR=AÇIK TOHUMLULAR) ÇAM AĞACI PLANTAE ANGIOSPERMS (KAPALI TOHUMLULAR) MONOCOT PLANTS DICOT PLANTS PLANTAE ANIMALIA General Properties of Animals: They are multicellular and eukaryotic They do aerobic respiration to gain energy They can move and most have muscles to move. They respond to changes in the environment. Most of the reproduce sexulally but there are some species that reproduce asexually. Except sponges, they all have a body symmetry. They are classified as cold – blooded (fish, amphibians, rept,les) and warm –blooded (birds, mammals) according to their body temperature. ANIMALIA On the basis of having a backbone or not, animals are classified as follows: Chordates Invertebrates Porifera (Sponges) Coelenterates Worms Mollusks Arthropods Nonvertebrates Vertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Echinoderms Mammals INVERTEBRATES SPONGES COELENTERATES INVERTEBRATES ROUND WORMS FLAT WORMS INVERTEBRATES EARTHWORMS MOLLUSCS INVERTEBRATES ARTHROPODS INVERTEBRATES ECHINODERMS CHORDATES NON - VERTEBRATES AMPHIOXUS TUNICATES VERTEBRATES Major Taxonomic Groups KINGDOM Archaebacteria Eubacteria Cell type prokaryotic prokaryotic Body form unicellular unicellular Cell wall have cell walls lack peptidoglycan have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan Major Taxonomic Groups KINGDOM Archaebacteria Eubacteria Nutrition Nervous system Locomotion autotrophic heterotrophic absent autotrophic heterotrophic absent present in some Present in some Major Taxonomic Groups KINGDOM Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell type eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic Body form most unicellular, some simple multicellular most multicellular multicellular multicellular Organs, sytems Cell wall present in some usually chitin cellulose No cell wall Major Taxonomic Groups KINGDOM Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Nutrition photosynthesis absorbtion photosynthesis ingestion or absorbtion ingestion Nervous system absent absent absent present Locomotion present in some absent absent present