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( some of what you need to know in a few minutes) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley Tour D’Onion: Where is all that genetic information? CELLS Cell Wall Nucleus Dividing cell Chromosomes Chromosome Genes Used in MarkerAssisted Breeding Strategies (equivalent to a gene) TERMS USED GMO GEO LMO rDNA Genetically Modified Organism Genetically Engineered Organism Living Modified Organism Recombinant DNA Biotechnology Classical Breeding compared to Genetic Engineering Uses plant machinery in plant Uses plant machinery in laboratory Gene exchange is random involving entire genome Gene exchange is specific, single or a few genes When/where genes expressed not controlled by breeder When/where gene expressed can be controlled precisely Primarily within genera, not between kingdoms like plants and bacteria Source of gene from any organism Total all GE varieties in U.S. in 2007 Corn = 73% Cotton = 87% Soybean = 91% SOURCE: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/ Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007: Industrial and Developing Countries (Million Hectares) 140 282 million acres worldwide: comparable in size to combined areas of CA and TX 120 100 80 60 Total Industrial Developing 40 20 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 23 industrial and developing countries in order of acreage: US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, China, Paraguay, South Africa, Uruguay, Philippines, Australia, Spain, Mexico, Colombia, Chile, France, Honduras, Czech Republic, Portugal, Germany, Slovakia. Romania, Poland. Source: Clive James, 2008 Estimated 75% of Processed Foods Have GE Ingredients Only a few whole foods on the market are genetically engineered GE Papaya GE Sweet Corn GE Squash WHAT’S IN THE PIPELINE? Engineered drought tolerance leads to vigorous growth of plants after prolonged drought while control plants died SOURCE: Rivero, R.M., Kojima, M., Gepstein, A., Sakakibara, H., Mittler, R., Gepstein, S. and Blumwald, E. 2007. Delayed leaf senescence induces extreme drought tolerance in a flowering plant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104: 19631-19636. Arcadia Biosciences develops canola that uses 50% less nitrogen fertilizer SOURCE: http://archives.foodsafety.ksu.edu/agnet/2007/4-2007/agnet_april_10.htm#story0 Field Trials Conducted in California with Grape Root Stocks Engineered for Resistance to Fanleaf Virus SOURCE: http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080806/BUSINESS/808060336/1001 Altering transport gene in carrot results in more bioavailable calcium in humans SOURCE: Morris, J., Hawthorne, K.M., Hotze, T., Abrams, S.A. and Hirschi, K.D. 2008. Nutritional impact of elevated calcium transport activity in carrots. PNAS 10.1073/pnas.0709005105. New High Lysine Corn for Animal Feed Deregulated - Reduces Need for Lysine Supplements SOURCE:February 2006, BIOSPACE http://www.biospace.com/news_story.aspx?StoryID=8883&full=1 Genetically engineered pollen reduces allergy symptoms in sufferers SOURCE: Niederberger et al., 2004. Vaccination with genetically engineered allergens prevents progression of allergic disease. PNAS early edition (August 13, 2004) Engineered poplar removes environmental pollutants through roots and air Removal of carbon tetrachloride SOURCE: Doty, S.L., James, C.A., Moore, A.L., Vajzovic, A., Singleton, G.L., Ma, C., Khan, Z., Xi, G., Kang, J.W., Park, J.Y., Meilan, R., Strauss, S.H., Wilkerson, J., Farin, F. and Strand. S.E. 2007. Enhanced phytoremediation of volatile environmental pollutants with transgenic trees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:16816-16821. What is the U.S. regulatory process that governs these engineered plants? U.S. Regulatory Agencies (based oversight on existing regulations) USDA • Field testing -Permits -Notifications • Determination of non-regulated status FDA • Food safety • Feed safety EPA • Pesticidal plants -tolerance exemption -registrations • Herbicide registration What are some food safety issues? • Changes in nutritional content • No peer-reviewed food safety tests • Creation of allergens or activation of toxins • Pharma crops contaminating food supply • Labeling • Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria that increases antibiotic resistance What are some food safety issues? • Changes in nutritional content • No peer-reviewed food safety tests • Creation of allergens or activation of toxins • Pharma crops contaminating food supply • Labeling • Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria that increases antibiotic resistance Example of animal safety test Experiments comparing first generation GE crops with comparable non-GE crops SOURCE: Flachowsky, G. 2007. Feeds from Genetically Engineered Plants - Results and Future Challenges. ISB News Report, March 2007, pp. 4-7. What are some food safety issues? • Changes in nutritional content • No peer-reviewed food safety tests • Creation of allergens or activation of toxins • Pharma crops contaminating food supply • Labeling • Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria that increases antibiotic resistance Inadvertent Creation of Allergens and Toxins Is Toxin Creation Confined to GE Foods? No – naturally occurring toxins happen due to classical breeding efforts also, e.g., potato (glycoalkaloids) and celery (psoralens) Starlink corn contamination Kraft Food recalls all taco shells sold nationwide under Taco Bell Brand SOURCE: Washington Post, September 19, 2000 Fumonisin Reduction with Bt-maize • 1989: High levels of fumonisin cause large-scale outbreaks of lethal lung edema in pigs, brain tumors in horses • Fumonisin contamination caused by insect infestation • 20- to 30-fold fumonisin reduction with Bt-maize Modified from Drew L. Kershen University of Oklahoma SOURCE; Hammond, B. et al., (Feb. 2004), Lower fumonisin mycotoxin levels in the grain of Bt-corn grown in the United States in 2000-2002, J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 1390-1397 Where to get more information?