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ATP/ADP CYCLE Ch. 9 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a type of nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose, & a chain of three phosphate groups. The bonds between phosphate groups can be broken by hydrolysis. So what? • Energy is stored (potential E) in these bonds. • So?.... • The breaking of the chemical bond releases the energy ATP + H2O→ ADP + P + ENERGY ATP • Energy released from ATP powers cellular work • A cell does 3 main kinds of work: • Mechanical work, beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, & movement of chromosomes • Transport work, pumping substances across membranes against the concentration gradient (active transport) • Chemical work, driving reactions such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers • It is the gasoline for the cell!! Endosymbiosis Theory • Mitochondria consume oxygen to efficiently gather E from carbon sources like glucose, producing CO2 & H2O. • Chloroplasts consumes H2O & CO2 as it captures & converts light E into the chemical E of glucose, releasing oxygen in the process. • Endosymbiotic theory proposes that the mitochondria & chloroplasts were once prokaryotic cells, living inside larger host cells. • The prokaryotes may have been parasites or even an intended meal for the larger cell, somehow escaping digestion. Evidence of Endosymbiosis: BOTH mitochondria AND chloroplasts… • 1. Are just about the same size as bacteria • 2. Reproduce only through a process similar to binary fission • 3. Contain DNA that is different from that of the cell nucleus & is similar to that of bacteria (its circular in shape & small). • 4. These organelles' ribosomes are like those found in bacteria
