Download Infection Control - Kalaheo High School

Infection Control
I. Vocabulary
 Microorganism (microbe)
 Small, living organism that is not visible
to the naked eye
 Pathogen
 Microbe that causes infection and
disease
 Nonpathogen
 Microbes that are beneficial for certain
body processes
Example
 E. coli can be beneficial in one
system, but pathogenic in another
II. What do microorganisms need?
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Warm environment (body temp)
Darkness
Source of food and moisture
Aerobic-need oxygen,
Anaerobic-do not need oxygen
 The body is a perfect place for
microorganisms to live and
reproduce!
III. BACTERIAOne celled organisms
 Cocci
 Round shape
 Diplococci: Bacteria in pairs
 Gonorrhea, meningitis, pneumonia
 Streptococci: Bacteria in chains
 Strep throat, rheumatic fever
 Staphlococci: Bacteria in clusters or groups
 Pus-producing
 Boils, Urinary tract infections, wound infections,
toxic shock
BACTERIA-One celled organisms
 Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria
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Occur singly, in pairs, or in chains
Flagella (tail to move with)
Form spores which are hard to kill
Diseases:
 Tuberculosis, tetanus, whopping cough,
botulism, diptheria, typhoid
BACTERIA-One celled organisms
 Spirilla-Spiral or corkscrew shape
 Diseases include syphilis and cholera
Protozoa
 One-celled animal-like organisms
 Found in decayed materials, animal
feces, insect bites, and contaminated
water
 Many have flagella to swim
 Diseases:
 Malaria, amebic dysentery, African
sleeping sickness
V. Fungi
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Plantlike organisms
Live on dead organic matter
YEASTS and MOLD
Diseases:
 Ringworm, athlete’s foot, yeast vaginitis,
thrush
VI. Rickettsiae
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Parasitic microorganisms
Can’t live outside their host
Found in fleas, lice, ticks, mites
Transmitted to humans by bites
Diseases:
 Typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted
fever
VII. Viruses
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Smallest microorganisms
Can’t reproduce unless inside a cell
Spread by blood and body secretions
NOT AFFECTED BY ANTIBIOTICS
Mutate quickly
Diseases:
 Cold, mumps, measles, chicken pox,
herpes, warts, influenza, polio, west nile
virus, SARS, HIV, H5N1 (avian bird flu)
Important Viruses-Hepatitis B
 HBV virus
 Transmitted by blood, serum, or other
body secretions
 Affects liver
 Vaccine is available (3 shots)
Important Viruses-Hepatitis C
 HCV virus
 Transmitted by blood and bloodcontaining body fluids (can remain
active in dried blood for several days)
 No symptoms or mild symptoms like
flu
 Can cause severe liver problems
 Difficult to kill
Important Viruses-AIDS
 Aquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
 Supresses immune system
 Can’t fight off cancers and infections
that a healthy person easily fights
 No cure, no vaccine (in development)
VIII.HelminthsParasitic organisms
 Worms and flukes
 Humans ingest eggs or larvae in
contaminated food (some penetrate
skin)
 Examples:
 Hookworms-attach to small intestine,
can get to heart and lungs
 Tapeworm-attaches to small intestine,
crawls out anus
IX. Types of Infection
 Pathogen produces toxin (poison)
 Cause allergic reaction
 Attack and destroy living cells they
invade
Types of Infection
 Endogenous: infection or disease
originates within the body
 Exogenous: Infection or disease
originates outside the body
 Nosocomial: Acquired by an
individual in a health care facility
 Opportunistic: Occur when the
body’s defenses are weak
X. Chain of Infection
 Causative Agent: pathogen
 Reservoir: Place to live
 Portal of Exit: A way to escape the reservoir
(feces, urine, mucus, etc)
 Mode of transmission:
 Direct contact, Indirect contact
 Portal of Entry: A way to get into new host
 Susceptible host
XI. Body Defenses
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Mucous membranes
Cilia
Coughing and sneezing
Hydrochloric acid
Tears in eyes
Fever
Inflammation
Immune response
X. Aseptic Techniques-Vocabulary
 Asepsis: Absence of diseaseproducing pathogens
 Sterile: Free from all organisms
(pathogenic or nonpathogenic)
 Contaminated: Pathogens present
Aseptic Techniques
 Antisepsis: Antiseptics prevent or inhibit
growth of pathogens (not effective against
spores & viruses)
 Disinfection: Process that destroys or kills
pathogenic organism (not effective against
spores & viruses)
 Can irritate or damage skin, used on objects
 Sterilization: Process to destroy all
pathogens (includes spores & viruses)
XII. Common Aseptic Techniques
 Handwashing
 Good personal hygiene
 Use of disposable gloves when
contacting body secretions
 Proper cleaning of instruments