Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Biosphere - Matter and Energy, Interdependence in Nature
Transcript
The Biosphere Matter and Energy, Interdependence in Nature Chapter 3 Studying our Living Planet Life on a global scale – biosphere Includes land, water, atmosphere and LIVING THINGS Extends 8 km above the land surface and 11 km below the ocean surface Ecology – study of the interactions between organisms and their surroundings Studying Our Living Planet Levels of organization Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome biosphere Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic – any part of the living environment Animals Plants Mushrooms bacteria Abiotic – any nonliving part of the environment Sunlight Heat Precipitation Humidity Wind Water currents Soil types Ecological Methods Three methods Observation Experimentation Use of senses Can be simple or complex Can be set-up in a lab or out in a select-part of natural environment Modeling Energy, Producers & Consumers Energy = life function Ultimate energy source = the sun Some organisms use chemical energy from inorganic sources Autotrophs – organisms that use solar or chemical energy to produce “food” AKA – primary producers Primary Producers Solar energy converted through photosynthesis Converts CO2 &H2O into O2 and carbohydrates Plants (on land) and algae (in the water) Chemical energy converted where light is not available or conditions are harsh chemosynthesis Consumers Heterotrophs – get their energy from consumption AKA – consumers Types of consumer – based on what they eat Energy Flow in Ecosystems Food Chains and Food Webs Everyone is linked through feeding relationships Energy flow one way stream from producers to consumers Food Chain – series of steps that move energy from eating to eaten All food chains start with a producer Terrestrial – plants Aquatic – either plants OR phytoplankton Examples of Food Chains Energy Flow in Ecosystems Most feeding relationships are more complicated than a simple series Most organisms have a multi-food diet Food Web Network of feeding interactions Also starts with a producer (SAME AS FOOD CHAINS) Links multiple food chains Effects of disturbances? Example of Food Web Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids Trophic level – each step in a food chain or food web Biomass – total amount of living tissue in a given trophic level Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids Ecological pyramid – show relative amount of matter or energy within a given food chain or web The rule of 10 – in general, only 10 percent of the energy available in one level is stored in the level above Organisms use most of the energy they get on life processes … the rest is release as heat Higher up the pyramid – organisms require more food to get the energy they need … so there are less of them!
