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Composition of Earth Study Guide
Determine if each statement is true (T) or false (F):
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1. Magma is a slushy mix of molten rock, gases, and mineral crystals.
2. Porphyritic textures indicate that magma has cooled very slowly throughout
crystallization.
3. Valuable ore deposits are often associated with igneous extrusions.
4. Different minerals melt and crystallize at different temperatures.
5. Igneous rocks can be identified by their physical properties of crystal size and texture.
6. Igneous rocks are used as building materials because of their strength,
durability, and beauty.
7. During sedimentary rock formation, cementation occurs before weathering.
8. The characteristic textures and features of metamorphic rocks provide a geologic
“snapshot” of surface conditions in Earth’s past.
9. Eroded materials are almost always carried uphill.
10. Sedimentary rocks form from rock and mineral fragments, and metamorphic rocks
form from existing rock.
Answer each question:
11. When sedimentary rock is exposed to heat and pressure, what does it change into?
12. What forces change a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock?
13. Intrusive igneous rocks form __________.
14. Sedimentary rock is formed through the process of:
15. What kind of metamorphic rock has its mineral grains arranged in layers or bands?
16. What has to increase for metamorphism to occur?
17. ______________ occurs when temperature and pressure inside the Earth’s crust change.
18. What kind of texture does igneous rock have when magma cools slowly?
19. During the rock cycle, what forms when magma cools?
20. What is one way that magma forms?
21. What does all igneous rock begin as?
22. Which processes transport rock on Earth’s surface?
23. What kind of rock is formed when magma invades other rock?
24. What kind of rock is formed from lava that cools on the Earth’s surface?
25. Rocks formed by the cementing of weathered materials are called:
26. Heat and pressure can transform igneous rock into metamorphic rock. What processes can
transform igneous rock into sedimentary rock?
27. Molten rock is considered to be ____________ when it is underground and
_____________ when above ground.
(SKIPPED QUESTIONS 28-31)
Match the vocabulary terms in the box with the correct statements that follow:
A. lava
B. sediments
D. extrusive
E. intrusive
C. metamorphism
F. magma
_____ 32. Molten rock found beneath the Earth’s surface. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
_____ 33. The process that uses heat and pressure to transform any rock into a metamorphic
rock. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
_____ 34. Describes a coarse-grained igneous rock that forms when magma cools slowly
beneath the Earth’s surface. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
_____ 35. Small pieces of rock that are moved by the agents of erosion. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
_____ 36. Describes fine-grained igneous rock that forms when magma cools quickly at
or near the Earth’s surface. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
G. foliated
H. lithification
I. basaltic
J. non-foliated
K. vesicular
L. granitic
_____ 37. High pressure during metamorphism causes minerals to form layers
in ____________ metamorphic rocks. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
_____ 38. The process by which loose materials become solid rock, as by compaction or
cementation. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
_____ 39. High heat during metamorphism creates ___________ metamorphic rocks that are
composed mainly of minerals with blocky shapes. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
_____ 40. Rocks have a __________ texture when they appear spongy; this occurs when gas
bubbles are trapped in molten rock while it is cooling. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
_____ 41. ______________ rocks are dark-colored, have lower silica contents, and make up
the oceanic crust. (E3.1A, E3.1B)
Use the diagram below to answer questions #42-44:
42. Describe how sedimentary rocks are formed on the Earth’s surface: (E3.1B)
43. Describe how metamorphic rocks are formed at convergent plate boundaries (places where
tectonic plates are being pushed together): (E3.1B)
44. Describe how igneous rocks are formed at and around volcanoes and divergent plate
boundaries (places where tectonic plates are being pulled apart): (E3.1B)
45. Use the diagram to construct a response in the space provided below.
Image source: http://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/imatges/rock_cycle.jpg
The Rock Cycle shows and explains how one type of rock can change and become another.
These changes are caused by various forces and processes.
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Choose one type of rock in the rock cycle and describe it.
Use a specific example to describe how one type of rock becomes another.
Explain why subduction of oceanic crust (when it is pulled back in to the Earth’s mantle)
is the reason why no rocks from Earth’s early history exist today.
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