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GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) LAB MANUAL OF ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) 1 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) INDEX Sr No. PRACTICALS 1 To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL) 2 To verify Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) 3 To Study and Perform Superposition Theorem 4 To Study and Perform Thevenin’s Theorem 5 To Study and Perform Norton’s Theorem 6 To Study and Perform Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 7 To Plot Frequency Response Curve and to obtain the Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance and the bandwidth & Q-factor of series resonance circuit. 8 To Plot Frequency Response Curve and to obtain the Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance and the bandwidth & Q-factor of Parellel resonance circuit. 9 To Build and Test T Type, Pi Type attenuator for given attenuation. 10 For the given parameters build constant K low pass filter (T and Pi Sections) 11 For the given parameters build constant K high pass filter (T and Pi Sections) 2 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 1 AIM: To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL) APPARATUS: RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires THEORY: KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL): KVL states that “the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit equals zero”. i.e., Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 3 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PROCEDURE: (1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram. (2) Switch on the DC power supply and note down the corresponding voltmeter readings. (3) Repeat the step 2 for different values in the voltage source. (4) Finally verify KVL. OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr no. Input Volt VoltageV1 Voltage V2 CONCLUSION: 4 V=v1+v2 Whether V=v1+v2 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 2 AIM: To verify Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) APPARATUS: RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires THEORY: KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL): KCL states that “the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero”. i.e., Sum of all currents entering a node = Sum of all currents leaving a node CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 5 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT PROCERURE: ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) (1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram. (2) Switch on the DC power supply and note down the corresponding ammeter readings. (3) Repeat the step 2 for different values in the voltage source. (4) Finally verify KCL. OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr no. Input Volt Current I1 Current I2 CONCLUSION: 6 I=I1+I2 Whether I=I1+I2 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 3 AIM: To Study and perform Superposition Theorem APPARATUS: Regulated power supply, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Resistor, Bread Board, Connecting wires THEORY: SUPERPOSITION THEOREM: Superposition theorem states that “In any linear network containing two or more sources, the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative”. While considering the effect of individual sources, other ideal voltage and current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit across the terminal respectively. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PROCEDURE: (1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram. (2) Switch on the DC power supplies VS1 & VS2 (e.g.: to 5V & 12 V) and note 7 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) down the corresponding ammeter reading. Let this current be I. (3) Replace the power supply VS1 (5 V) by its internal resistance and then switch on the supply VS2 (12 V) and note down the corresponding ammeter reading. Let this current be I1. (4) Now connect back the power supply VS1 (5 V) and replace the supply VS2 (12 V) by its internal resistance. (5) Switch on the supply VS2 (5 V) and note down the corresponding ammeter reading. Let this current be I2. (6) Verify the theorem OBSERVATION TABLE: Current I in RL = _____ when both sources apply in network. Sr no. Input Volt Ideal Practical Current I in RL Current I in RL 1 12 I1 = I1 = 2 5 I2 = I2 = Take the algebraic sum of I1 and I2 and verify the theorem. CONCLUSION: 8 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 4 AIM: To Study and Perform Thevenin’s Theorem APPARATUS: RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires THEORY: THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Thevenin’s theorem states that “Any two terminal linear network having a number of voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance”, where the value of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage across the two terminals of the network, and resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their internal resistances. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: NO DATA DC V R2 2.2k R1 1k + V1 12V R3 1k 9 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT PROCEDURE: ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) THEVENIN’S THEOREM: (1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram . (2) Measure the voltage across the load using a voltmeter or multimeter after switching on the power supply. Let it be VL. To find Thevenin’s Voltage: (VTH) (1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram . (2) Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuited voltage VTH across the output terminal. To find Thevenin’s Resistance: (RTH) (1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram. (2) Remove the voltage source and replace it with an internal resistance as shown. (3) Using multimeter in resistance mode, measure the resistance across the output terminal. OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr no. Input Volt Ideal Vth Practical Vth CONCLUSION: 10 Rth GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 5 AIM: To Study and Perform Norton’s Theorem APPARATUS: RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires THEORY: NORTON’S THEOREM: Norton’s theorem states that “Any two terminal linear network having a number of voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single current source in parallel with a resistance”. The value of the current source is the short circuit current between the two terminals of the network, and resistance is the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals of the network with all the energy sources replaced by their internal resistances. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: + V1 12V R3 1k 11 DC A NO DATA R2 2.2k R1 1k GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT PROCEDURE: ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) NORTON’S THEOREM: (1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram . (2) Measure the current through the load using an ammeter or multimeter after switching on the power supply. Let it be IL. To find Norton’s Current: (IN) (1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram . (2) Remove the load resistance and short circuit the output terminal. Then measure the current through the short circuited terminals. To find Norton’s Resistance: (RN) (1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram. (2) Remove the voltage source and replace it with an internal resistance as shown. (3) Using multimeter in resistance mode, measure the resistance across the output terminal. OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr no. Input Volt Ideal In Practical In CONCLUSION: 12 Rn GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 6 AIM: To Study and Perform Maximum Power Transfer Theorem APPARATUS: RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires THEORY: MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM: Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that “maximum power is delivered from a source to a load when the load resistance is small compare to the source resistance”. (i.e, RL = RS) In terms of Thevenin equivalent resistance of a network, it is stated as “A network delivers the maximum power to a load resistance RL where RL is equal to the Thevenin equivalent resistance of the network”. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: NO DATA DC V variabl 5K R1 1k + V1 12V R3 1k 13 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT PROCEDURE: ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM: (1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure. (2) Set the power supply. (3) Vary the values of the load resistance and note the corresponding voltage reading using a voltmeter. (4) Tabulate the readings and calculate power. (5) Plot the graph between power and load resistance. OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr no. Load Resistance Output Voltage Power P CONCLUSION: 14 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 7 AIM: To Plot Frequency Response Curve and to obtain the Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance and the bandwidth & Q-factor of series resonance circuit. APPARATUS: Function Generator, CRO, Capacitor, Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires THEORY: where BW is bandwidth, which is the difference between the upper cutoff, (f2) and lower cutoff frequencies (f1) i.e., f2 - f1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 15 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PROCEDURE: (1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure. (2) Set to amplitude of the sinusoidal signal to 5 V, say. (3) Frequency of the input signal is varied from 100 Hz to 2 KHz. Note down the corresponding voltages on CRO for different frequencies. (4) Tabulate the readings and calculate the current using the formula I = V0/R (5) Plot the graph between voltage measured and frequency. (6) Draw a horizontal line exactly at √2 times the peak value, which intersects the curve at two points. Draw a line from intersecting points to x-axis which meets at f1 and f2. (7) The bandwidth and Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance ,Q-factor is obtained from the formula given above. OBSERVATION TABLE: Resonant Frequency Resonant impedance bandwidth Q-factor MODEL GRAPH: CONCLUSION: 16 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 8 AIM: To Plot Frequency Response Curve and to obtain the Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance and the bandwidth & Q-factor of Parellel resonance circuit. APPARATUS: Function Generator, CRO, Capacitor, Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires THEORY: where BW is bandwidth, which is the difference between the upper cutoff, (f2) and lower cutoff frequencies (f1) i.e., f2 - f1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 17 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT PROCEDURE: ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) (1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure. (2) Set to amplitude of the sinusoidal signal to 5 V, say. (3) Frequency of the input signal is varied from 100 Hz to 2 KHz. Note down the corresponding voltages on CRO for different frequencies. (4) Tabulate the readings and calculate the current using the formula I = V0/R (5) Plot the graph between voltage measured and frequency. (6) Draw a horizontal line exactly at √2 times the peak value, which intersects the curve at two points. Draw a line from intersecting points to x-axis which meets at f1 and f2. (7) The bandwidth and Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance ,Q-factor is obtained from the formula given above. OBSERVATION TABLE: Resonant Frequency Resonant impedance bandwidth Q-factor MODEL GRAPH: CONCLUSION: 18 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 9 AIM: To Build and Test T Type, Pi Type attenuator for given attenuation. APPARATUS: THEORY: An Attenuator is a special type of electrical or electronic bidirectional circuit made up of entirely resistive elements. An attenuator is a two port resistive network designed to weaken or "attenuate" (hence their name) the power being supplied by a source to a level that is suitable for the connected load. The attenuator reduces the amount of power being delivered to the connected load by either a single fixed amount, a variable amount or in a series of known switchable steps. Attenuation is D in db N=Antilog D/20…..(i) T Type attenuator: We can see that the T-pad attenuator is symmetrical in its design looking from either end and this type of attenuator design can be used to impedance match either equal or unequal transmission lines. Generally, resistors R1 and R2 are of the same value but when designed to operate between circuits of unequal impedance these two resistor can be of different values. 19 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT Pi Type attenuator: ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) We can see that the Pi-pad attenuator is symmetrical looking at the attenuator from either end and this type of attenuator design can be used to impedance match either equal or unequal transmission lines. Generally, resistors R1 and R3 are of the same value but when designed to operate between circuits of unequal impedance these two resistor can be of different value. PROCEDURE: T NETWORK: 1) 2) 3) 4) For a given Attenuation and Resistance find the value of N using Eq.(i) Find value of R1 using R1=Ro(N-1) / (N+1) Find value of R2 using R2=Ro(2N) / (N2-1) Design the circuit using values of Ro,R1,R2. Pi NETWORK: 1) 2) 3) 4) For a given Attenuation and Resistance find the value of N using Eq.(i) Find value of R1 using R1=Ro(N2-1) / (2N) Find value of R2 using R2=Ro(N+1) / (N-1) Design the circuit using values of Ro,R1,R2. 20 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT DESIGNED CIRCUIT: ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) CONCLUSION: 21 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 10 AIM: For the given parameters build constant K low pass filter (T and Pi Sections) APPARATUS: Inductor, Capacitor of required value THEORY: A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low frequency signals and attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of attenuation for each frequency varies depending on specific filter design. Constant k filters, also k-type filters, are a type of electronic filter designed using the image method. They are the original and simplest filters produced by this methodology and consist of a ladder network of identical sections of passive components. …… ( I ) T and Pi network is called as constant K type if Z1 Z2 = K2 Generally the filter works on a constant load (Rs). To design the filter, Rs and ω are given. The matching cannot be done at any frequency therefore we have to choose the frequency at which the filter will match. T section 22 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT Pi section ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PROCEDURE: 1) 2) 3) 4) For a given cut off frequency and load resistance find the value of K using Eq.(1) Find value of L using equation L=k / ( pi * fc) and find L/2 Find value of C using equation C=1 / (Pi* fc * k) and find C/2 Design the circuit using values of L,C in T and Pi network. DESIGNED CIRCUIT: CONCLUSION: 23 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PRACTICAL 11 AIM: For the given parameters build constant K high pass filter (T and Pi Sections) APPARATUS: Inductor, Capacitor of required value THEORY: A High-pass filter is a filter that passes high frequency signals and attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of attenuation for each frequency varies depending on specific filter design. Constant k filters, also k-type filters, are a type of electronic filter designed using the image method. They are the original and simplest filters produced by this methodology and consist of a ladder network of identical sections of passive components. …… ( I ) T and Pi network is called as constant K type if Z1 Z2 = K2 Generally the filter works on a constant load (Rs). To design the filter, Rs and ω are given. The matching cannot be done at any frequency therefore we have to choose the frequency at which the filter will match. T section 24 GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT Pi section ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) PROCEDURE: 1) 2) 3) 4) For a given cut off frequency and load resistance find the value of K using Find value of L using equation L=k / ( 4* pi * fc) and find 2L Find value of C using equation C=1 / (4* pi* fc * k) and find 2C Design the circuit using values of L,C in T and Pi network. DESIGNED CIRCUIT: CONCLUSION: 25 Eq.(1) GP GANDHINAGAR EC DEPARTMENT ELECTRONICS NETWORKS (3321102) 26