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GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
LAB MANUAL
OF
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
1
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
INDEX
Sr No.
PRACTICALS
1
To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)
2
To verify Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
3
To Study and Perform Superposition Theorem
4
To Study and Perform Thevenin’s Theorem
5
To Study and Perform Norton’s Theorem
6
To Study and Perform Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
7
To Plot Frequency Response Curve and to obtain the Resonant Frequency,
Resonant impedance and the bandwidth & Q-factor of series resonance circuit.
8
To Plot Frequency Response Curve and to obtain the Resonant Frequency,
Resonant impedance and the bandwidth & Q-factor of Parellel resonance circuit.
9
To Build and Test T Type, Pi Type attenuator for given attenuation.
10
For the given parameters build constant K low pass filter (T and Pi Sections)
11
For the given parameters build constant K high pass filter (T and Pi Sections)
2
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 1
AIM:
To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)
APPARATUS:
RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires
THEORY:
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):
KVL states that “the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop
in a circuit equals zero”.
i.e., Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PROCEDURE:
(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Switch on the DC power supply and note down the corresponding
voltmeter readings.
(3) Repeat the step 2 for different values in the voltage source.
(4) Finally verify KVL.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr no.
Input
Volt
VoltageV1
Voltage V2
CONCLUSION:
4
V=v1+v2
Whether V=v1+v2
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 2
AIM:
To verify Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
APPARATUS:
RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires
THEORY:
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL):
KCL states that “the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit
equals zero”.
i.e., Sum of all currents entering a node = Sum of all currents leaving a node
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
PROCERURE:
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Switch on the DC power supply and note down the corresponding
ammeter readings.
(3) Repeat the step 2 for different values in the voltage source.
(4) Finally verify KCL.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr no.
Input
Volt
Current I1
Current I2
CONCLUSION:
6
I=I1+I2
Whether I=I1+I2
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 3
AIM:
To Study and perform Superposition Theorem
APPARATUS:
Regulated power supply, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Resistor, Bread Board, Connecting wires
THEORY:
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
Superposition theorem states that “In any linear network containing two or
more sources, the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses
caused by the individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative”.
While considering the effect of individual sources, other ideal voltage and
current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit across
the terminal respectively.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Switch on the DC power supplies VS1 & VS2 (e.g.: to 5V & 12 V) and note
7
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
down the corresponding ammeter reading. Let this current be I.
(3) Replace the power supply VS1 (5 V) by its internal resistance and then
switch on the supply VS2 (12 V) and note down the corresponding ammeter reading. Let this
current be I1.
(4) Now connect back the power supply VS1 (5 V) and replace the supply VS2
(12 V) by its internal resistance.
(5) Switch on the supply VS2 (5 V) and note down the corresponding ammeter
reading. Let this current be I2.
(6) Verify the theorem
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Current I in RL = _____ when both sources apply in network.
Sr no.
Input Volt
Ideal
Practical
Current I in RL Current I in RL
1
12
I1 =
I1 =
2
5
I2 =
I2 =
Take the algebraic sum of I1 and I2 and verify the theorem.
CONCLUSION:
8
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 4
AIM:
To Study and Perform Thevenin’s Theorem
APPARATUS:
RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires
THEORY:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Thevenin’s theorem states that “Any two terminal linear network having
a number of voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple
equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance”,
where the value of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage across the
two terminals of the network, and resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance
measured between the terminals with all the energy sources replaced by their
internal resistances.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NO DATA
DC V
R2
2.2k
R1
1k
+ V1
12V
R3
1k
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GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram .
(2) Measure the voltage across the load using a voltmeter or multimeter after
switching on the power supply. Let it be VL.
To find Thevenin’s Voltage: (VTH)
(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram .
(2) Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuited voltage VTH
across the output terminal.
To find Thevenin’s Resistance: (RTH)
(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Remove the voltage source and replace it with an internal resistance as
shown.
(3) Using multimeter in resistance mode, measure the resistance across the
output terminal.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr no.
Input Volt
Ideal
Vth
Practical
Vth
CONCLUSION:
10
Rth
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 5
AIM:
To Study and Perform Norton’s Theorem
APPARATUS:
RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires
THEORY:
NORTON’S THEOREM:
Norton’s theorem states that “Any two terminal linear network having a
number of voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a single current source in parallel with a resistance”.
The value of the current source is the short circuit current between the two
terminals of the network, and resistance is the equivalent resistance measured
between the terminals of the network with all the energy sources replaced by their
internal resistances.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+ V1
12V
R3
1k
11
DC A
NO DATA
R2
2.2k
R1
1k
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
NORTON’S THEOREM:
(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram .
(2) Measure the current through the load using an ammeter or multimeter
after switching on the power supply. Let it be IL.
To find Norton’s Current: (IN)
(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram .
(2) Remove the load resistance and short circuit the output terminal. Then
measure the current through the short circuited terminals.
To find Norton’s Resistance: (RN)
(1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Remove the voltage source and replace it with an internal resistance as
shown.
(3) Using multimeter in resistance mode, measure the resistance across the
output terminal.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr no.
Input Volt
Ideal
In
Practical
In
CONCLUSION:
12
Rn
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 6
AIM:
To Study and Perform Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
APPARATUS:
RPS , Ammeter ,Voltmeter , Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires
THEORY:
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that “maximum power is delivered
from a source to a load when the load resistance is small compare to the source resistance”.
(i.e, RL = RS)
In terms of Thevenin equivalent resistance of a network, it is stated as “A
network delivers the maximum power to a load resistance RL where RL is equal to the
Thevenin equivalent resistance of the network”.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NO DATA
DC V
variabl
5K
R1
1k
+ V1
12V
R3
1k
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GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
(2) Set the power supply.
(3) Vary the values of the load resistance and note the corresponding voltage
reading using a voltmeter.
(4) Tabulate the readings and calculate power.
(5) Plot the graph between power and load resistance.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr no.
Load
Resistance
Output
Voltage
Power
P
CONCLUSION:
14
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 7
AIM:
To Plot Frequency Response Curve and to obtain the Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance
and the bandwidth & Q-factor of series resonance circuit.
APPARATUS:
Function Generator, CRO, Capacitor, Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires
THEORY:
where BW is bandwidth, which is the difference between the upper cutoff, (f2) and lower cutoff
frequencies (f1) i.e., f2 - f1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
15
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EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PROCEDURE:
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
(2) Set to amplitude of the sinusoidal signal to 5 V, say.
(3) Frequency of the input signal is varied from 100 Hz to 2 KHz. Note down
the corresponding voltages on CRO for different frequencies.
(4) Tabulate the readings and calculate the current using the formula I = V0/R
(5) Plot the graph between voltage measured and frequency.
(6) Draw a horizontal line exactly at √2 times the peak value, which intersects
the curve at two points. Draw a line from intersecting points to x-axis which meets
at f1 and f2.
(7) The bandwidth and Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance ,Q-factor is obtained from the
formula given above.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Resonant Frequency
Resonant impedance
bandwidth
Q-factor
MODEL GRAPH:
CONCLUSION:
16
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 8
AIM:
To Plot Frequency Response Curve and to obtain the Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance
and the bandwidth & Q-factor of Parellel resonance circuit.
APPARATUS:
Function Generator, CRO, Capacitor, Resistor , Bread Board ,Connecting wires
THEORY:
where BW is bandwidth, which is the difference between the upper cutoff, (f2) and lower cutoff
frequencies (f1) i.e., f2 - f1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
17
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
(2) Set to amplitude of the sinusoidal signal to 5 V, say.
(3) Frequency of the input signal is varied from 100 Hz to 2 KHz. Note down
the corresponding voltages on CRO for different frequencies.
(4) Tabulate the readings and calculate the current using the formula I = V0/R
(5) Plot the graph between voltage measured and frequency.
(6) Draw a horizontal line exactly at √2 times the peak value, which intersects
the curve at two points. Draw a line from intersecting points to x-axis which meets
at f1 and f2.
(7) The bandwidth and Resonant Frequency, Resonant impedance ,Q-factor is obtained from the
formula given above.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Resonant Frequency
Resonant impedance
bandwidth
Q-factor
MODEL GRAPH:
CONCLUSION:
18
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 9
AIM:
To Build and Test T Type, Pi Type attenuator for given attenuation.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
An Attenuator is a special type of electrical or electronic bidirectional circuit made up of
entirely resistive elements. An attenuator is a two port resistive network designed to weaken or
"attenuate" (hence their name) the power being supplied by a source to a level that is suitable for
the connected load. The attenuator reduces the amount of power being delivered to the
connected load by either a single fixed amount, a variable amount or in a series of known
switchable steps.
Attenuation is D in db
N=Antilog D/20…..(i)
 T Type attenuator:
We can see that the T-pad attenuator is symmetrical in its design looking from either end and
this type of attenuator design can be used to impedance match either equal or unequal
transmission lines. Generally, resistors R1 and R2 are of the same value but when designed
to operate between circuits of unequal impedance these two resistor can be of different
values.
19
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EC DEPARTMENT
 Pi Type attenuator:
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
We can see that the Pi-pad attenuator is symmetrical looking at the attenuator from either end
and this type of attenuator design can be used to impedance match either equal or unequal
transmission lines. Generally, resistors R1 and R3 are of the same value but when designed
to operate between circuits of unequal
impedance these two resistor can be of different value.
PROCEDURE:
 T NETWORK:
1)
2)
3)
4)
For a given Attenuation and Resistance find the value of N using Eq.(i)
Find value of R1 using R1=Ro(N-1) / (N+1)
Find value of R2 using R2=Ro(2N) / (N2-1)
Design the circuit using values of Ro,R1,R2.
 Pi NETWORK:
1)
2)
3)
4)
For a given Attenuation and Resistance find the value of N using Eq.(i)
Find value of R1 using R1=Ro(N2-1) / (2N)
Find value of R2 using R2=Ro(N+1) / (N-1)
Design the circuit using values of Ro,R1,R2.
20
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EC DEPARTMENT
DESIGNED CIRCUIT:
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
CONCLUSION:
21
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EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 10
AIM:
For the given parameters build constant K low pass filter (T and Pi Sections)
APPARATUS:
Inductor, Capacitor of required value
THEORY:
A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low frequency signals and attenuates (reduces
the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of
attenuation for each frequency varies depending on specific filter design.
Constant k filters, also k-type filters, are a type of electronic filter designed using
the image method. They are the original and simplest filters produced by this methodology and
consist of a ladder network of identical sections of passive components.
…… ( I )
T and Pi network is called as constant K type if
Z1 Z2 = K2
Generally the filter works on a constant load (Rs). To design the filter, Rs and ω
are given. The matching cannot be done at any frequency therefore we have to choose the
frequency at which the filter will match.
 T section
22
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EC DEPARTMENT
 Pi section
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PROCEDURE:
1)
2)
3)
4)
For a given cut off frequency and load resistance find the value of K using Eq.(1)
Find value of L using equation L=k / ( pi * fc) and find L/2
Find value of C using equation C=1 / (Pi* fc * k) and find C/2
Design the circuit using values of L,C in T and Pi network.
DESIGNED CIRCUIT:
CONCLUSION:
23
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PRACTICAL 11
AIM:
For the given parameters build constant K high pass filter (T and Pi Sections)
APPARATUS:
Inductor, Capacitor of required value
THEORY:
A High-pass filter is a filter that passes high frequency signals and attenuates (reduces
the amplitude of) signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of
attenuation for each frequency varies depending on specific filter design.
Constant k filters, also k-type filters, are a type of electronic filter designed using
the image method. They are the original and simplest filters produced by this methodology and
consist of a ladder network of identical sections of passive components.
…… ( I )
T and Pi network is called as constant K type if
Z1 Z2 = K2
Generally the filter works on a constant load (Rs). To design the filter, Rs and ω
are given. The matching cannot be done at any frequency therefore we have to choose the
frequency at which the filter will match.
 T section
24
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EC DEPARTMENT
 Pi section
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
PROCEDURE:
1)
2)
3)
4)
For a given cut off frequency and load resistance find the value of K using
Find value of L using equation L=k / ( 4* pi * fc) and find 2L
Find value of C using equation C=1 / (4* pi* fc * k) and find 2C
Design the circuit using values of L,C in T and Pi network.
DESIGNED CIRCUIT:
CONCLUSION:
25
Eq.(1)
GP GANDHINAGAR
EC DEPARTMENT
ELECTRONICS NETWORKS
(3321102)
26