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Biological Anthropology Introduction to Biological Anthropology What is Anthropology? Anthropo logy from the Greek anthropos - ἄνθρωπος meaning “man; man-faced; a human being” from the Greek legein - λέγω meaning “to speak” Four-Field Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Archaeology Linguistic Anthropology Biological (or Physical) Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Focuses on the role culture plays in human life Culture is Learned by individuals as they grow up within a group The primary means by which a human is enculturated into his/her culture Passed on from generation to generation Constantly changing Three Components of Culture •Material •Behavioral •Ideational Archaeology Focuses on human life in the past Humans of the past Relied on their cultures to adapt Shared many common features with recent and modern humans Saw their cultures change as a result of the same processes that change cultures today Linguistic Anthropology Focuses on the role language plays in human life Language is Learned by individuals as they grow up within a group Passed on from generation to generation The primary means by which a human learns his/her culture Constantly changing Biological Anthropology (aka“Physical Anthropology”) Focuses on humans as biological organisms Biological organisms Have similar features and needs Are the products of evolutionary and environmental forces Are genetically unique Four-Field Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Archaeology the cultural fields Linguistic Anthropology Biological (or Physical) Anthropology the biological field Applied Anthropology (aka the “fifth field”) making it relevant Anthropology is a Biocultural Discipline Regards humans as biological organisms whose primary means of adapting to the world is culture Biological Anthropology Humans are individual organisms whose patterns of thought, feeling, and activity are at least partially by the other humans with whom we interact An explicitly scientific field uses the tools of biology and other sciences The Six Steps to Humanness 1. bipedalism 4. speech 2. non-honing canine 5. hunting 3. material culture and tools 6. domesticated foods