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Transcript
Genetics Notes I. Heredity is the passing of ___________ traits from _________ parents to __________. offspring A. Hereditary information is contained in ________ genes which are segments of the _____ DNA molecule located in the __________________. chromosome B. Each gene carries a ________ single ________ unit of information. A single inherited trait of an individual can be determined by ______ one or ________ many pairs of _________. genes A human cell contains ___________ thousands of different genes. C. The different forms a gene may have for a trait are its __________. alleles D. _______________ Genetics is the study of how alleles affect generations of offspring. II. _________ Gregor ___________ Mendel is considered to be the father of genetics because he observed ______ pea _________ plants using the ____________ scientific _____________ method and discovered 2 types of factors. His genetics describes the basis of how _______ traits are passed from one generation to the next in ______ all organisms. A. Mendel cross-pollinated purebred ______ tall pea plants with purebred tall _______ short pea plants. The offspring were all __________. Cross-pollination: Pollen from one flower is put on the pistil of another flower. The ______ sperm in the pollen joins with the _____ egg in the ovary and they form a ________ seed (zygote). B. Mendel concluded that the tall factor was _____________ dominant over the short factor, which must therefore be _____________. recessive C. Mendel cross-pollinated the tall offspring and found that their offspring 3 tall plants grew in a ratio of ___ to ___ 1 short plant, a ratio of ___:___. 3 1 D. Summary of Mendel’s Inheritance 1. _______ Traits are controlled by alleles on __________________. chromosomes 2. An allele may be _____________ dominant or ________________. recessive 3. When a pair of __________________ chromosomes separates during meiosis, the different _____________ alleles for a trait move into separate _____________. gametes III. Geneticists use the ___________ Punnett ___________ Square to predict the genetic make-up (_________________) genotype of an organism. A capital letter indicates a _______________ dominant trait and a lower case letter indicates a ______________ recessive trait. A. The genotype for the purebred (_______________) homozygous tall pea plants was ____. TT B. The genotype for the purebred (_______________) homozygous short pea plants was ____. tt C. Draw a Punnett Square to determine the possible genotypes for the offspring of cross-pollinated tall and short pea plants (as in Mendel’s experiment). T T t Tt Tt t Tt Tt genotype T t tall tall T TT Tt tall tall tall tall t Tt tt tall short phenotype genotype phenotype D. The _____________ phenotype is the physical trait that shows up for a particular genotype. In the first set of offspring, the ratio of tall plants to short plants was ___:___. 4 0 When those offspring were crossed, the ratio of tall plants to short plants of their offspring was ___:___. 3 1 E. A plant with a genotype of 2 of the same alleles (TT or tt) is called ___________________. homozygous A plant with a genotype with 2 different alleles heterozygous (Tt) is called ____________________. IV. Other topics in Genetics (other ways to inherit traits) A. Incomplete Dominance - when _____ both alleles are expressed in the offspring. Ex: Flower color in 4 o’clocks - When _____ red and _________ white flowering plants were cross-pollinated, _______ pink flowers were produced. Both ____________ alleles (red and white) were expressed. Make a Punnett Square for a red flower crossed with a white flower, and also show the phenotype. Do the same for their offspring. CR = red, CW = white CR CR CR CW CW CRCW CRCW pink pink R R CR C C CRCW red CW CRCW CRCW pink pink CW CRCW CWCW pink white phenotype genotype genotype pink phenotype B. Multiple Alleles - Some ________ traits are determined by more than 2 alleles. Ex: Blood type in humans - Humans can have ___, A ___, B or ___ O alleles for blood type. The ___ A and ___ B alleles are dominant over the ___ O allele, codominant but are ______________ when together. If one parent has the A and O alleles and the other has B and O alleles, what can their offspring have? Draw a Punnett Square for this cross. A O B AB BO AB B O AO OO A O genotype phenotype C. Polygenic inheritance - occurs when a group of _______ gene _______ pairs act together to produce a single trait. Many _____________ variations appear in a species. Examples: 1. Eye color - ________,_________, blue brown __________, green _________, hazel ________ mixed 2. Height (in humans) _______, ______, tall short _______ medium 3. Body build 4. Hair and skin color D. Sex determination - Male gametes carry ___ X or ___ Y chromosomes while female gametes contain only ___ X chromosomes. All males have an ___ X X chromosomes. and a ___ Y chromosomes while all females have 2 ___ 1. Draw a Punnett Square to determine the possible sexes of offspring from the union of an egg and a sperm. What is the probability of having a girl? ____% 50 or ____ 1/2 A boy? ____% 50 or ____ 1/2 X Y What is the probability of girl boy X XX XY having 3 girls and no boys? X XX XY genotype girl boy 1/2 x ____ 1/2 x ____ 1/2 = ____ 1/8 ____ phenotype X chromosome carries a recessive gene for E. Sex-linked Disorders - The ___ a trait that is not present on the ___ Y chromosome. The trait will always be expressed in males since the allele for that trait is not found on the ___ Y chromosome and cannot mask (cover) it. The female must have both genes to recessive _______ express the trait. 1. 2. Color blindness – (See picture on page 119 in old text book). Hemophilia - ______________________________________ Blood does not clot properly. A small scrape __________________________________________________ can cause the person to bleed to death. trait F. Pedigrees – diagrams that show the occurrence of a ___________ in a family. C = normal = female = male color vision c = colorblindness = female carrier = male carrier (normal phenotype) = affected female c = affected male Xc Y C C XX XY 1st generation (parents) XC XCXc XCY C XY 2nd generation (children) C c C XX XY c XY 3rd generation (grandchildren) C XY C XY XC XCXc XCY genotype normal girl normal boy normal normal boy girl phenotype 0 ____% of females are affected. ____% 0 of males are affected. G. Homozygous Recessive Disorders - the person must have ___ 2 genes in order to have the trait. 1. Sickle-Cell Anemia - blood cells can’t deliver enough __________ oxygen because they are __________. misshapen Because of the shape, the cells get __________ tangled up as they flow through the arteries and veins and it is very ____________. painful A benefit of this gene _____________ mutation is that some people with sicklecell anemia show a resistance to _____________ malaria (a disease caused by a _______________ protist and transmitted by a __________). mosquito 2. Cystic Fibrosis - thick _______ mucus is produced in the ___________ lungs and ___________ digestive __________, system which restricts ___________ oxygen intake and food ____________ absorption. Genetics Notes I. Heredity is the passing of ___________ from _________ to __________. A. Hereditary information is contained in ________ which are segments of the _____ molecule located in the __________________. B. Each gene carries a ________ ________ of information. A single inherited trait of an individual can be determined by ______ or ________ pairs of _________. A human cell contains ___________ of different genes. C. The different forms a gene may have for a trait are its __________. D. _______________ is the study of how alleles affect generations of offspring. II. _________ ___________ is considered to be the father of genetics because he observed ______ _________ using the ____________ _____________ and discovered 2 types of factors. His genetics describes the basis of how _______ are passed from one generation to the next in ______ organisms. A. Mendel cross-pollinated purebred ______ pea plants with purebred _______ pea plants. The offspring were all __________. Cross-pollination: Pollen from one flower is put on the pistil of another flower. The ______ in the pollen joins with the _____ in the ovary and they form a ________ (zygote). B. Mendel concluded that the tall factor was _____________ over the short factor, which must therefore be _____________. C. Mendel cross-pollinated the tall offspring and found that their offspring grew in a ratio of ___ tall plants to ___ short plant, a ratio of ___:___. D. Summary of Mendel’s Inheritance 1. _______ are controlled by alleles on __________________. 2. An allele may be _____________ or ________________. 3. When a pair of __________________ separates during meiosis, the different _____________ for a trait move into separate _____________. III. Geneticists use the ___________ ___________ to predict the genetic make-up (_________________) of an organism. A capital letter indicates a _______________ trait and a lower case letter indicates a ______________ trait. A. The genotype for the purebred (_______________) tall pea plants was ____. B. The genotype for the purebred (_______________) short pea plants was ____. C. Draw a Punnett Square to determine the possible genotypes for the offspring of cross-pollinated tall and short pea plants (as in Mendel’s experiment). D. The _____________ is the physical trait that shows up for a particular genotype. In the first set of offspring, the ratio of tall plants to short plants was ___:___. When those offspring were crossed, the ratio of tall plants to short plants of their offspring was ___:___. E. A plant with a genotype of 2 of the same alleles (TT or tt) is called ___________________. A plant with a genotype with 2 different alleles (Tt) is called ____________________. IV. Other topics in Genetics (other ways to inherit traits) A. Incomplete Dominance - when _____ alleles are expressed in the offspring. Ex: Flower color in 4 o’clocks - When _____ and _________ flowering plants were cross-pollinated, _______ flowers were produced. Both ____________ (red and white) were expressed. Make a Punnett Square for a red flower crossed with a white flower, and also show the phenotype. Do the same for their offspring. genotype phenotype genotype phenotype B. Multiple Alleles - Some ________ are determined by more than 2 alleles. Ex: Blood type in humans - Humans can have ___, ___, or ___ alleles for blood type. The ___ and ___ alleles are dominant over the ___ allele, but are ______________ when together. If one parent has the A and O alleles and the other has B and O alleles, what can their offspring have? Draw a Punnett Square for this cross. C. Polygenic inheritance - occurs when a group of _______ _______ act together to produce a single trait. Many _____________ appear in a species. Examples: 1. Eye color - ________,_________, __________, ______________ 2. Height (in humans) _______, ______, _______ 3. Body build 4. Hair and skin color D. Sex determination - Male gametes carry ___ or ___ chromosomes while female gametes contain only ___ chromosomes. All males have an ___ and a ___ chromosomes while all females have 2 ___ chromosomes. 1. Draw a Punnett Square to determine the possible sexes of offspring from the union of an egg and a sperm. What is the probability of having a girl? ____% or ____ A boy? ____% or ____ What is the probability of having 3 girls and no boys? ____ x ____ x ____ = ____ E. Sex-linked Disorders - The ___ chromosome carries a recessive gene for a trait that is not present on the ___ chromosome. The trait will always be expressed in males since the allele for that trait is not found on the ___ chromosome and cannot mask (cover) it. The female must have both recessive _______ to express the trait. 1. 2. Color blindness – (See picture on page 119 in old text book). Hemophilia - ______________________________________ __________________________________________________ F. Pedigrees – diagrams that show the occurrence of a ___________ in a family. = female = male = female carrier (normal phenotype) = affected female = male carrier = affected male 1st generation (parents) 2nd generation (children) 3rd generation (grandchildren) genotype phenotype ____% of females are affected. ____% of males are affected. G. Homozygous Recessive Disorders - the person must have ___ genes in order to have the trait. 1. Sickle-Cell Anemia - blood cells can’t deliver enough __________ because they are __________. Because of the shape, the cells get __________ up as they flow through the arteries and veins and it is very ____________. A benefit of this gene _____________ is that some people with sicklecell anemia show a resistance to _____________ (a disease caused by a _______________ and transmitted by a __________). 2. Cystic Fibrosis - thick _______ is produced in the ___________ and ___________ __________, which restricts ___________ intake and ____________ absorption.